Question

A nurse is caring for a patient on IV heparin therapy whose aPTT is 40 seconds. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take?

Answer 1

Correct Answers:

Increase the heparin infusion rate.

Rationale :

🟢The therapeutic range for aPTT in patients on heparin therapy is typically 1.5–2.5 times the control (about 60–80 seconds depending on lab standards).

🟢An aPTT of 40 seconds indicates subtherapeutic anticoagulation, meaning the dose is not high enough to prevent clot formation.

🟢Increasing the infusion rate helps the patient reach therapeutic anticoagulation levels, lowering the risk of thromboembolism.

🟢Adjustment should be done carefully, following facility protocols, and the aPTT rechecked in the specified monitoring interval.

🟢Safe titration ensures the balance between preventing clotting and avoiding excessive bleeding.

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Answer 2

Correct Answers:

Platelet count.
Liver function tests (LFTs) .
Ammonia levels .

Rationale :

Platelet count

💎 Valproic acid can cause thrombocytopenia, so baseline and periodic platelet monitoring is essential to catch early declines before bleeding occurs.

💎 Watch for clinical signs of low platelets—easy bruising, petechiae, mucosal bleeding—because they often precede severe drops on labs.

💎 The risk increases with higher serum valproate levels and in older adults, making dose-related surveillance particularly important.

💎 If platelets fall or bleeding develops, the prescriber may reduce the dose or discontinue the drug to prevent hemorrhagic complications.

💎 Document trends (not just single values) because a progressive downward trajectory can signal impending coagulopathy even before hitting critical thresholds.

Liver function tests (LFTs)

💎 Valproic acid is hepatotoxic, so obtain baseline AST/ALT, bilirubin, and INR, then monitor frequently during the first 6 months, when risk is highest.

💎 Educate patients to report jaundice, dark urine, RUQ pain, anorexia, malaise, which can accompany drug‑induced liver injury (DILI).

💎 Children (especially <2 years) and those with mitochondrial disorders have greater vulnerability; for them, closer LFT surveillance is warranted.

💎 Rising transaminases or bilirubin should prompt dose reassessment or drug discontinuation to avert acute liver failure.

💎 Consistent tracking supports early detection and protects against life‑threatening hepatic complications while maintaining seizure control.

Ammonia levels

💎 Valproate can precipitate hyperammonemia with or without LFT elevations, leading to encephalopathy (confusion, lethargy, vomiting, ataxia).

💎 Check serum ammonia at baseline in high‑risk patients and anytime mental status changes occur to avoid missing valproate‑induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy.

💎 Risk increases with polytherapy (e.g., topiramate), carnitine deficiency, or urea‑cycle disorders, so monitoring is risk‑stratified and ongoing.

💎 If ammonia is elevated, management may include dose reduction/cessation and L‑carnitine per provider orders to reverse neurotoxicity.

💎 Prompt recognition and treatment of hyperammonemia preserve neurologic function while enabling safe continuation of antiepileptic therapy when appropriate.

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Answer 3

Correct Answers:

Client report of low back pain .

Rationale :

🟠Acute hemolytic reaction is a serious transfusion reaction caused by incompatible blood, leading to rapid red blood cell destruction.

🟠Low back pain occurs due to hemoglobin breakdown products irritating the kidneys and causing renal inflammation.

🟠This reaction is often accompanied by fever, chills, and hypotension, requiring immediate discontinuation of the transfusion.

🟠Recognizing early symptoms is critical to prevent acute kidney injury and other life-threatening complications.

🟠The nurse must stop the transfusion immediately and follow the emergency transfusion reaction protocol.

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Answer 4

Correct Answers:

Shake the container vigorously.

Rationale :

♦️Phenytoin suspension is not evenly distributed unless shaken, leading to inaccurate dosing if not mixed properly.

♦️Vigorous shaking ensures uniform drug concentration, giving the patient the intended therapeutic amount in each dose.

♦️This is particularly critical for antiepileptic drugs, where consistent blood levels are necessary to prevent seizures.

♦️Failure to mix well could result in subtherapeutic or toxic levels, both of which pose serious health risks.

♦️This practice is a fundamental part of safe medication administration for liquid suspensions.

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Answer 5

Correct Answers:

"I will stop taking this medication if I develop itching."

Rationale :

🔴Itching may be an early sign of allergic reaction or hypersensitivity to amoxicillin-clavulanate.

🔴 Prompt discontinuation and reporting prevent progression to anaphylaxis, which can be life-threatening.

🔴 Educating the patient on recognizing allergic symptoms supports early intervention.

🔴This aligns with safe antibiotic use principles and patient self-monitoring.

🔴Ensuring patients understand when to stop medication is as important as teaching when to continue.

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Answer 6

Correct Answers:

I will weigh myself daily and report any weight gain of more than 2 pounds in a day to my doctor.

Rationale :

🟢Sudden weight gain in heart failure indicates fluid retention, which can signal worsening heart failure.

🟢Daily weights are a sensitive and early indicator of fluid overload before symptoms like edema or dyspnea appear.

🟢Prompt reporting allows timely medication adjustment, especially with diuretics like furosemide.

🟢This practice improves self-management and reduces hospital readmissions for heart failure exacerbations.

🟢Combining daily weights with medication adherence improves long-term outcomes in HF patients.

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Answer 7

Correct Answers:

50

Rationale :

✍️Formula:

👉🏿Dose ordered ÷ Dose on hand × Volume.

👉🏿Ordered: 250 mg, Available: 25 mg / 5 mL.

👉🏿 250 ÷ 25 = 10; 10 × 5 mL

👉🏿50 mL.

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Answer 8

Correct Answers:

Collect the peak level 30 minutes after the end of the infusion and the trough level just before the next dose.

Rationale :

🔴Peak levels measure maximum drug concentration to assess for potential toxicity.

🔴For vancomycin, the peak is drawn 30 minutes after infusion completion to capture the highest serum level.

🔴Trough levels assess minimum concentration before the next dose to ensure effective bacterial killing.

🔴Correct timing prevents underdosing (risking resistance) and overdosing (risking nephrotoxicity).

🔴This monitoring is essential for narrow therapeutic index drugs like vancomycin.

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Answer 9

Correct Answers:

Draw a trough level immediately prior to administering the medication and a peak level 30 min after the dose.

Rationale :

🎯Gentamicin has a narrow therapeutic range, requiring precise monitoring to prevent nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.

🎯Trough levels are obtained right before the dose to measure the lowest concentration in the blood, ensuring it's low enough to avoid toxicity.

🎯Peak levels are drawn 30 minutes post-administration to measure the highest drug concentration, confirming efficacy.

🎯Proper timing ensures that dosing adjustments are based on accurate pharmacokinetic data.

🎯This practice is part of safe aminoglycoside therapy protocols.

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Answer 10

Correct Answers:

Check the client's vital signs.

Rationale :

⏺️The nurse’s first priority after a medication error is to assess the client for any immediate adverse effects.

⏺️Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker that can cause hypotension, dizziness, and reflex tachycardia.

⏺️Monitoring vital signs promptly allows early detection of dangerous cardiovascular changes.

⏺️Quick assessment supports timely intervention before notifying the provider or completing incident reports.

⏺️This aligns with the safety-first principle in nursing—assess before taking further actions.

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Custom: Pharm NUR 300G-02-Smith-Spr 25 Final

No.

1 :
A nurse is caring for a patient on IV heparin therapy whose aPTT is 40 seconds. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take?

2 :
A nurse is planning care for a patient who has seizure disorder and a new prescription for valproic acid. Which of the following laboratory values should the nurse plan to monitor? (Select All that Apply.)

3 :
A nurse is assessing a client who is receiving a unit of packed red blood cells. Which of the following findings is a manifestation of acute hemoly reaction?

4 :
A nurse is caring for a 2-year-old child who has seizures and is receiving phenytoin in suspension form. Which of the following actions should the nurse take before administering each dose?

5 :
A nurse is teaching a client who has a new prescription for amoxicillin-clavulanate to treat pharyngitis. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?

6 :
A nurse is educating a patient with heart failure on how to manage their condition at home with prescribed medications, digoxin and furosemide, which of the following statements by the patient shows correct understanding of the medication management?

8 :
A patient is receiving vancomycin therapy. When should the nurse schedule the collection of blood samples to measure the peak and trough levels of vancomycin?

9 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has an infection and a prescription for gentamicin intermittent IV bolus every 8 hr. A peak and trough is required with the next dose. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to obtain an accurate gentamicin serum level?

10 :
A nurse is caring for four clients. After administering morning medications, she realizes that the nifedipine prescribed for one client was Inadvertently administered to another client. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first?

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Custom: Pharm NUR 300G-02-Smith-Spr 25 Final

No.

1 : A nurse is caring for a patient on IV heparin therapy whose aPTT is 40 seconds. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take?

2 : A nurse is planning care for a patient who has seizure disorder and a new prescription for valproic acid. Which of the following laboratory values should the nurse plan to monitor? (Select All that Apply.)

3 : A nurse is assessing a client who is receiving a unit of packed red blood cells. Which of the following findings is a manifestation of acute hemoly reaction?

4 : A nurse is caring for a 2-year-old child who has seizures and is receiving phenytoin in suspension form. Which of the following actions should the nurse take before administering each dose?

5 : A nurse is teaching a client who has a new prescription for amoxicillin-clavulanate to treat pharyngitis. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?

6 : A nurse is educating a patient with heart failure on how to manage their condition at home with prescribed medications, digoxin and furosemide, which of the following statements by the patient shows correct understanding of the medication management?

8 : A patient is receiving vancomycin therapy. When should the nurse schedule the collection of blood samples to measure the peak and trough levels of vancomycin?

9 : A nurse is caring for a client who has an infection and a prescription for gentamicin intermittent IV bolus every 8 hr. A peak and trough is required with the next dose. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to obtain an accurate gentamicin serum level?

10 : A nurse is caring for four clients. After administering morning medications, she realizes that the nifedipine prescribed for one client was Inadvertently administered to another client. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first?

1 :
A nurse is caring for a patient on IV heparin therapy whose aPTT is 40 seconds. Which of the following actions should the nurse plan to take?

2 :
A nurse is planning care for a patient who has seizure disorder and a new prescription for valproic acid. Which of the following laboratory values should the nurse plan to monitor? (Select All that Apply.)

3 :
A nurse is assessing a client who is receiving a unit of packed red blood cells. Which of the following findings is a manifestation of acute hemoly reaction?

4 :
A nurse is caring for a 2-year-old child who has seizures and is receiving phenytoin in suspension form. Which of the following actions should the nurse take before administering each dose?

5 :
A nurse is teaching a client who has a new prescription for amoxicillin-clavulanate to treat pharyngitis. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?

6 :
A nurse is educating a patient with heart failure on how to manage their condition at home with prescribed medications, digoxin and furosemide, which of the following statements by the patient shows correct understanding of the medication management?

8 :
A patient is receiving vancomycin therapy. When should the nurse schedule the collection of blood samples to measure the peak and trough levels of vancomycin?

9 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has an infection and a prescription for gentamicin intermittent IV bolus every 8 hr. A peak and trough is required with the next dose. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to obtain an accurate gentamicin serum level?

10 :
A nurse is caring for four clients. After administering morning medications, she realizes that the nifedipine prescribed for one client was Inadvertently administered to another client. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first?