Condition-Benign prostatic hypertrophy

🔷 Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is the most likely condition because the client has a weak urinary stream, urine leaking, nocturia, and a uniformly enlarged nontender prostate.

🔷 These findings are classic for bladder outlet obstruction caused by prostate enlargement.

🔷 The urinalysis is normal, which makes infection less likely, and the PSA is within the expected range, which makes prostate cancer less likely from the data provided.

🔷 The client’s age, urinary symptoms, and prostate exam all strongly support BPH.

🔷 For this reason, the client is most likely experiencing benign prostatic hypertrophy.

Actions

Request a prescription for tamsulosin

🔷 Tamsulosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic blocker commonly prescribed to improve urinary flow in clients who have BPH.

🔷 It works by relaxing smooth muscle in the prostate and bladder neck, which helps reduce obstruction.

🔷 This can improve symptoms such as weak stream, nocturia, hesitancy, and incomplete emptying.

🔷 Since this client has classic lower urinary tract symptoms from BPH, tamsulosin is an appropriate treatment request.

🔷 For this reason, the nurse should request a prescription for tamsulosin.

Request a consultation for a cystoscopy

🔷 A cystoscopy may be used to further evaluate the degree of urinary obstruction and assess lower urinary tract structure in a client who has significant BPH symptoms.

🔷 This test can help identify the extent of blockage and rule out other structural problems affecting urination.

🔷 The client reports bothersome symptoms including weak stream, leakage, and repeated nighttime urination, so further evaluation is reasonable.

🔷 Because the symptoms suggest chronic outlet obstruction, a urologic consultation is appropriate.

🔷 For this reason, the nurse should request a consultation for a cystoscopy.

Parameters

Hypotension

🔷 Hypotension should be monitored because tamsulosin can cause orthostatic hypotension, especially in older adults.

🔷 This client is 82 years old, so blood pressure changes related to medication are especially important for safety.

🔷 Monitoring for hypotension helps detect adverse effects early and reduces the risk of dizziness and falls.

🔷 Since the treatment plan includes likely alpha-blocker therapy, this is a relevant parameter to follow.

🔷 For this reason, hypotension is an important parameter to monitor.

Bladder capacity

🔷 Bladder capacity should be monitored because BPH can cause incomplete emptying and urinary retention, which affect how well the bladder functions over time.

🔷 Tracking bladder function helps assess whether the client is improving with treatment.

🔷 Improvement in urinary flow and reduced retention would indicate better bladder emptying and symptom control.

🔷 Because the client already reports weak stream and leakage, monitoring bladder capacity is clinically useful.

🔷 For this reason, bladder capacity is an important parameter to monitor.

Condition-Metabolic alkalosis

🔷 The client is most likely experiencing metabolic alkalosis because the pH is elevated at 7.48 and the HCO₃⁻ is elevated at 29 mEq/L, which indicates an alkalotic state caused by excess bicarbonate or loss of acid.

🔷 The history strongly supports this because the client has had repeated vomiting and continuous nasogastric suction, both of which cause excessive loss of hydrochloric acid from the stomach.

🔷 The PaCO₂ of 49 mm Hg is also elevated, which shows the lungs are trying to compensate by retaining carbon dioxide through slower respirations.

🔷 The client’s respiratory rate of 10/min fits this compensatory response and is consistent with hypoventilation seen in metabolic alkalosis.

🔷 The reported tingling in the fingers and toes and dizziness are also common manifestations because alkalosis can decrease ionized calcium levels, leading to neuromuscular irritability.

Actions

Notify provider to request a decrease in gastric suction

🔷 This is a correct action because ongoing gastric suction continues to remove acid from the stomach, which worsens the client’s metabolic alkalosis.

🔷 Reducing unnecessary suction helps limit further hydrogen ion loss, which is the primary cause of this acid-base disturbance in this client.

🔷 The nurse should recognize that the current treatment is contributing to the abnormal laboratory findings and client symptoms.

🔷 Addressing the cause of the imbalance is essential rather than only responding to the symptoms after they worsen.

🔷 By decreasing gastric suction when appropriate, the nurse helps support correction of the alkalosis and prevents further electrolyte and fluid losses.

Request a prescription for a proton pump inhibitor

🔷 This is also correct because a proton pump inhibitor decreases gastric acid production, which helps reduce ongoing acid loss from the gastrointestinal system.

🔷 In a client with vomiting and NG suction, lowering the amount of acid produced can help reduce worsening of the metabolic alkalosis.

🔷 Proton pump inhibitors are often used in clients with gastric irritation or prolonged suction to reduce gastric secretions.

🔷 This intervention does not immediately reverse the alkalosis, but it helps reduce one of the main contributing factors.

🔷 Supporting gastric protection and reducing acid loss are appropriate measures while the underlying bowel obstruction is being managed.

Parameters

Intake and output

🔷 This is an important parameter to monitor because the client is at high risk for fluid volume deficit from vomiting, NPO status, and NG suction.

🔷 Metabolic alkalosis related to gastric losses is commonly associated with dehydration and chloride depletion, so fluid balance must be closely assessed.

🔷 Monitoring intake and output helps the nurse determine whether fluid replacement is adequate and whether losses are continuing.

🔷 A declining urine output may indicate worsening volume depletion and reduced perfusion.

🔷 Careful tracking of intake and output also helps evaluate whether treatment is improving the client’s overall condition.

Serum calcium

🔷 This is a correct parameter to monitor because metabolic alkalosis can decrease ionized calcium, even when total calcium may appear normal.

🔷 A drop in ionized calcium can produce symptoms such as tingling, numbness, muscle cramps, and dizziness, which this client is already reporting.

🔷 Monitoring calcium status is important because worsening hypocalcemia can lead to tetany or neuromuscular excitability.

🔷 The client’s neurological symptoms provide a clinical clue that calcium balance may already be affected.

🔷 Following serum calcium helps the nurse assess whether the alkalosis is causing significant physiologic complications and whether the client is improving.

Proper technique for administering prescribed medication

🔹 Teaching the proper technique for instilling apraclonidine eye drops is essential because correct administration helps the medication lower intraocular pressure (IOP) effectively.

🔹 The client should be taught to wash the hands, avoid touching the dropper tip to the eye or surrounding tissues, and place the drops into the conjunctival sac rather than directly onto the cornea.

🔹 The nurse should also explain that after administration, the client should gently close the eye and apply nasolacrimal occlusion for about 1 minute to reduce systemic absorption.

🔹 Correct technique improves the amount of medication that stays in the eye and decreases the risk for contamination or reduced drug effect.

🔹 Since wide-angle glaucoma is managed long term, the client must know exactly how to use the medication safely and consistently at home.

Methods to prevent infection when using prescribed medications

🔹 Teaching infection prevention is important because the client will be handling an ophthalmic medication container repeatedly, which creates a risk for contamination if proper care is not taken.

🔹 The client should be instructed to wash the hands before and after use, keep the dropper tip sterile, and never allow it to touch the eye, eyelashes, fingers, or any surface.

🔹 The nurse should also teach the client to keep the bottle properly capped and store it according to directions to maintain medication safety.

🔹 Preventing contamination is especially important because introducing microorganisms into the eye can lead to ocular infection, irritation, and additional complications.

🔹 Good infection-control habits help protect the eye while supporting the safe long-term use of prescribed glaucoma therapy.

Medication slowing the progression but not curing the condition

🔹 This is an important teaching topic because wide-angle glaucoma is a chronic progressive disorder that can be controlled but not cured.

🔹 Apraclonidine helps reduce intraocular pressure, which can slow further damage to the optic nerve, but it does not reverse vision loss that has already occurred.

🔹 The client needs to understand that even if symptoms seem mild or stable, the condition still requires continuous treatment and monitoring.

🔹 Teaching this helps improve adherence because clients may stop therapy if they mistakenly believe the problem has resolved once they feel better.

🔹 Emphasizing that treatment is meant to preserve remaining vision and delay progression helps set realistic expectations and supports long-term self-management.

Keeping all ophthalmologic appointments as scheduled

🔹 Keeping all follow-up appointments is essential because glaucoma can progress gradually without obvious symptoms, especially in wide-angle glaucoma.

🔹 Regular ophthalmologic visits allow the provider to monitor intraocular pressure, evaluate the optic nerve, and assess whether the prescribed medication is working.

🔹 These appointments are necessary because the client may continue to lose vision slowly even without pain or dramatic changes in sight.

🔹 Ongoing monitoring also makes it possible to adjust treatment early if pressure remains elevated or if more optic nerve damage is detected.

🔹 Consistent follow-up is one of the most important strategies for preventing further irreversible vision loss.

Administration of prescribed medication when the eyes feel irritated

🔹 Apraclonidine should be used as prescribed on schedule, not only when the eyes feel irritated.

🔹 Basing administration on irritation is incorrect because wide-angle glaucoma is often painless, and treatment is aimed at controlling pressure rather than responding to symptoms.

The need for the client to quit driving immediately

🔹 The data do not indicate that the client must stop driving immediately, since the client reports no change in peripheral vision and has been seen for follow-up care.

🔹 The nurse should reinforce safety and ongoing evaluation, but an immediate blanket instruction to quit driving is not supported by the findings provided.

Escitalopram

💠 Escitalopram is a correct choice because it is an SSRI commonly used as a first-line medication for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

💠 SSRIs are preferred for many clients with GAD because they are effective for reducing excessive worry, tension, and anxiety symptoms without carrying the same dependency concerns seen with some sedative medications.

💠 This fits the client’s situation especially well because the client is fearful about medication dependence, and SSRIs are not the class typically associated with physiologic dependence in the way benzodiazepines can be.

💠 Escitalopram is used as part of long-term symptom control and works best when combined with ongoing cognitive behavioral therapy, which the client is already attending.

💠 Because the client continues to have persistent anxiety despite therapy alone, adding escitalopram is an appropriate evidence-based pharmacologic option.

Venlafaxine

💠 Venlafaxine is a correct answer because it is an SNRI, and SNRIs are also considered first-line pharmacologic treatment options for GAD.

💠 This medication can help reduce the client’s symptoms of constant worry, being on edge, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance, which are classic findings of generalized anxiety disorder.

💠 Venlafaxine is commonly selected when a provider wants a medication with strong evidence for anxiety management and continued functional improvement.

💠 It is especially appropriate in this case because the client has adhered to CBT but still reports worsening anxiety, meaning nonpharmacologic treatment alone has not been sufficient.

💠 As a result, venlafaxine is a reasonable and guideline-supported next step for this client’s ongoing GAD treatment.

Duloxetine

💠 Duloxetine is a correct choice because it is another SNRI with evidence supporting its use in generalized anxiety disorder.

💠 Clinical reviews note that SNRIs such as duloxetine are effective in decreasing anxiety symptoms and are used as first-line treatment agents for GAD.

💠 Duloxetine may be useful for clients with ongoing somatic manifestations such as muscle tension and persistent physiologic stress symptoms that often accompany generalized anxiety.

💠 The client’s report of feeling anxious “most of the time,” poor sleep, and worsening distress despite psychotherapy supports the need for a medication like duloxetine that can provide broader ongoing symptom relief.

💠 For these reasons, duloxetine is an appropriate medication the provider could prescribe for this client’s condition.

Paroxetine

💠 Paroxetine is a correct answer because it is an SSRI, and SSRIs are widely recognized as first-line medications for anxiety disorders, including GAD.

💠 This medication works by increasing serotonin activity, which helps reduce persistent anxiety, excessive worry, and emotional distress.

💠 Paroxetine is one of the antidepressants specifically listed among medications used for anxiety-related disorders in major clinical reviews and guidelines.

💠 Since the client is struggling with worsening symptoms even while participating in psychotherapy, paroxetine represents a suitable medication option to add to treatment.

💠 Choosing paroxetine is consistent with evidence-based management of generalized anxiety disorder when psychotherapy alone does not adequately control symptoms.

Memantine

💠 Memantine is incorrect because it is primarily used for Alzheimer disease, not as a standard treatment for generalized anxiety disorder.

💠 It is not considered a first-line or routine medication option for this client’s anxiety presentation based on the evidence for GAD treatment.

Risperidone

💠 Risperidone is incorrect because it is an atypical antipsychotic, not a routine first-choice medication for uncomplicated generalized anxiety disorder.

💠 Antipsychotics may be considered only in select complex situations, but this client’s presentation is more appropriately treated with SSRIs or SNRIs first.

Drowsy

🔴 Drowsiness is a serious sign of worsening hypoxia and impending respiratory failure in a client with severe asthma exacerbation.

🔴 In early respiratory distress, clients usually appear anxious and restless due to increased oxygen demand and air hunger.

🔴 When oxygen levels continue to decline and carbon dioxide begins to accumulate, the brain becomes depressed, causing altered level of consciousness such as drowsiness or confusion.

🔴 This change indicates that the body is no longer compensating effectively for the respiratory distress.

🔴 Therefore, drowsiness is a late and dangerous sign requiring immediate intervention and possible airway support.

Cyanosis noted to lips and gums

🔴 Cyanosis indicates a significant reduction in oxygen saturation within the blood, resulting in bluish discoloration of mucous membranes and skin.

🔴 In clients with severe asthma exacerbation, cyanosis occurs when oxygen delivery to tissues becomes critically impaired.

🔴 The finding specifically on lips and gums reflects central cyanosis, which is more serious than peripheral cyanosis.

🔴 This manifestation indicates that oxygen therapy at the current level is not adequately correcting the hypoxemia.

🔴 Therefore, cyanosis is a clear indicator that the client’s respiratory status is worsening and requires rapid intervention.

No wheezing noted

🔴 The absence of wheezing in a client previously noted to have diffuse wheezing is a very concerning finding in severe asthma.

🔴 Wheezing occurs when air moves through narrowed airways, producing a high-pitched sound during breathing.

🔴 When wheezing suddenly disappears in a client who is still in distress, it may indicate minimal air movement through severely obstructed airways, sometimes referred to as a “silent chest.”

🔴 This finding suggests that airflow is critically reduced and the client may be approaching respiratory failure.

🔴 Therefore, loss of wheezing in this context is a dangerous sign of worsening airway obstruction.

Substernal retractions

🔴 Substernal retractions indicate the use of accessory muscles during breathing, which occurs when the client must work harder to inhale.

🔴 In asthma exacerbations, airway narrowing and inflammation cause significant resistance to airflow.

🔴 As the condition worsens, the body attempts to compensate by recruiting additional respiratory muscles to maintain ventilation.

🔴 Retractions demonstrate severe respiratory distress and increased work of breathing.

🔴 This finding signals that the client’s respiratory effort is escalating and the condition is deteriorating.

Tachycardia

🔴 Tachycardia (heart rate 122/min) occurs as a compensatory response to hypoxemia and increased respiratory distress.

🔴 When oxygen levels drop, the heart increases its rate to circulate oxygenated blood more rapidly to vital organs.

🔴 Severe asthma exacerbations frequently produce tachycardia due to hypoxia, anxiety, and increased metabolic demand.

🔴 Persistent tachycardia may also indicate that the body is under severe physiologic stress.

🔴 In this client, the increased heart rate compared with earlier findings suggests worsening respiratory compromise.

ABG: PaCO₂ 46 mm Hg

🔴 An elevated PaCO₂ of 46 mm Hg indicates carbon dioxide retention, which is a critical warning sign in asthma exacerbations.

🔴 Early in an asthma attack, clients typically hyperventilate, leading to low PaCO₂ levels.

🔴 When the respiratory muscles begin to fatigue and ventilation becomes ineffective, carbon dioxide begins to rise.

🔴 This shift from low CO₂ to elevated CO₂ signals impending respiratory failure.

🔴 Therefore, rising PaCO₂ levels are a serious indicator that the client’s respiratory condition is worsening.

ABG: PaO₂ 65 mm Hg

🔴 A PaO₂ of 65 mm Hg indicates moderate hypoxemia, meaning that oxygen levels in the blood are significantly below normal.

🔴 The expected normal range for PaO₂ is 80–100 mm Hg, so this level reflects impaired oxygen exchange in the lungs.

🔴 In asthma exacerbations, airway narrowing prevents adequate oxygen from reaching the alveoli.

🔴 Persistently low PaO₂ despite oxygen therapy suggests progressive respiratory compromise.

🔴 This finding confirms that the client’s oxygenation is worsening and requires urgent treatment escalation.

Condition-Crohn’s disease

💠 Crohn’s disease is the most likely condition because the diagnostic studies show cobblestone appearance, deep ulcerations, and relatively normal mucosa in another segment, which are classic findings of skip lesions seen in Crohn’s disease.

💠 The client also has chronic diarrhea, right lower quadrant tenderness, weight loss, low-grade fever, and positive occult blood, which strongly fit the usual clinical picture of Crohn’s disease.

💠 The laboratory results show low hemoglobin, low hematocrit, and low iron saturation, supporting chronic intestinal blood loss and poor nutrient absorption, both of which are common in Crohn’s disease.

💠 Crohn’s is an inflammatory bowel disease that can involve the bowel wall deeply, producing ulcers, inflammation, malabsorption, and nutritional deficits.

💠 Taken together, the history, physical findings, labs, and imaging all point most clearly to Crohn’s disease rather than infection, celiac disease, or bowel obstruction.

Actions

Educate the client on the purpose of immunosuppressant medications

💠 This is a correct nursing action because immunosuppressant medications are commonly used in Crohn’s disease to help reduce the abnormal inflammatory response that damages the bowel.

💠 Client teaching is important so the client understands that these medications are intended to control inflammation, reduce flare-ups, and maintain remission rather than provide an instant cure.

💠 Because Crohn’s disease is a chronic relapsing condition, long-term medication adherence is essential to decrease complications such as worsening ulcers, strictures, and malnutrition.

💠 Teaching also helps the client recognize why follow-up care and laboratory monitoring may be needed while taking these medications.

💠 For this client, understanding the role of immunosuppressants supports better self-management of a confirmed inflammatory bowel disorder.

Encourage the client to select foods that are low in fiber and high in calories

💠 This is correct because clients with Crohn’s disease often need nutrition support to manage diarrhea, weight loss, and poor intake.

💠 A low-fiber or low-residue approach can be helpful during active disease because it may reduce bowel stimulation and discomfort, especially when intestinal inflammation is present.

💠 Choosing high-calorie foods or supplements is also appropriate because the client has already lost 2.3 kg (5 lb) and is at risk for ongoing nutritional depletion.

💠 Crohn’s disease can impair absorption of nutrients, so calorie-dense intake helps support energy needs and prevent worsening malnutrition.

💠 Nutrition teaching is a key part of care because maintaining adequate intake helps improve strength, healing, and overall disease management.

Parameters

Serum albumin

💠 Serum albumin is an important parameter to monitor because Crohn’s disease can lead to malnutrition and protein deficiency due to chronic inflammation, diarrhea, and reduced absorption.

💠 Albumin helps reflect the client’s nutritional and protein status, which is especially important in a client already showing weight loss and anemia.

💠 Persistent bowel inflammation can increase nutrient losses and reduce the body’s ability to maintain normal protein stores.

💠 Monitoring serum albumin helps the nurse evaluate whether nutrition interventions and medical treatment are improving the client’s overall condition.

💠 This laboratory value is therefore useful for assessing progress and identifying worsening nutritional compromise early.

Client’s body weight

💠 Body weight should be monitored because Crohn’s disease commonly causes weight loss from chronic diarrhea, decreased intake, and malabsorption.

💠 This client has already had a recent 5-lb weight loss, which shows that the disease is already affecting nutritional status.

💠 Following weight trends helps the nurse determine whether treatment and diet changes are effective in improving the client’s condition.

💠 Ongoing weight loss may indicate uncontrolled inflammation, poor absorption, or inadequate calorie intake.

💠 Regular weight monitoring is one of the simplest and most useful ways to assess clinical progress in a client with Crohn’s disease.