Question

A patient with a pelvic fracture is at risk for pulmonary embolism. Which intervention should the nurse prioritize?

Answer 1

Correct Answers:

Administer prophylactic anticoagulants as prescribed.

Rationale :

🔶 A pelvic fracture places the client at high risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) due to immobility and vascular injury.

🔶 Prophylactic anticoagulants reduce clot formation in deep veins that can travel to the lungs as a pulmonary embolism (PE).

🔶 Preventing PE is a priority because PE can rapidly cause hypoxemia, hemodynamic instability, and death.

🔶 This intervention directly targets the underlying problem: hypercoagulability and venous stasis after trauma.

🔶 Administering anticoagulants as prescribed aligns with evidence-based prevention for high-risk orthopedic trauma clients.

Apply heat packs to the pelvic area.

🔶 Heat may increase comfort but does not reduce the risk of thrombus formation.

🔶 It is not a priority intervention for PE prevention.

Encourage a high-calorie diet.

🔶Nutrition supports healing but does not directly prevent VTE/PE.

🔶It is secondary to interventions that prevent life-threatening complications.

Restrict fluid intake to prevent edema.

🔶Fluid restriction can worsen hemoconcentration, potentially increasing clotting risk.

🔶Preventing PE requires VTE prophylaxis, not dehydration.

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Answer 2

Correct Answers:

Administer prophylactic anticoagulants as prescribed.

Rationale :

🔶 A pelvic fracture places the client at high risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) due to immobility and vascular injury.

🔶 Prophylactic anticoagulants reduce clot formation in deep veins that can travel to the lungs as a pulmonary embolism (PE).

🔶 Preventing PE is a priority because PE can rapidly cause hypoxemia, hemodynamic instability, and death.

🔶 This intervention directly targets the underlying problem: hypercoagulability and venous stasis after trauma.

🔶 Administering anticoagulants as prescribed aligns with evidence-based prevention for high-risk orthopedic trauma clients.

Apply heat packs to the pelvic area.

🔶 Heat may increase comfort but does not reduce the risk of thrombus formation.

🔶 It is not a priority intervention for PE prevention.

Encourage a high-calorie diet.

🔶Nutrition supports healing but does not directly prevent VTE/PE.

🔶It is secondary to interventions that prevent life-threatening complications.

Restrict fluid intake to prevent edema.

🔶Fluid restriction can worsen hemoconcentration, potentially increasing clotting risk.

🔶Preventing PE requires VTE prophylaxis, not dehydration.

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Answer 3

Correct Answers:

Reposition the client and reassess lung sounds.

Rationale :

🟢 Crackles can be caused by fluid, atelectasis, or secretions, and their location may change with position.

🟢 Repositioning helps determine if crackles are dependent (e.g., from atelectasis or pooling secretions) and may improve ventilation.

🟢 Reassessing after repositioning provides immediate data about whether the finding is transient or persistent.

🟢 This step follows a systematic assessment approach before escalating interventions, while still monitoring for respiratory compromise.

🟢 If crackles persist or the client shows distress, the nurse can then implement oxygen or notify the provider with clearer assessment data.

Encourage the client to increase fluid intake.

🟢 Increasing fluids can worsen crackles if they are due to fluid overload or pulmonary edema.

🟢 The nurse should further assess before encouraging more fluids.

Administer supplemental oxygen as prescribed.

🟢Oxygen is appropriate if the client shows hypoxemia or respiratory distress, but crackles alone do not confirm oxygen need.

🟢 Reassessment first helps determine severity and next steps.

Check patient's temperature for fever.

🟢 Temperature may help evaluate infection, but it does not address immediate respiratory assessment.

🟢 The priority is to clarify the lung finding and its response to repositioning.

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Answer 4

Correct Answers:

"Do panting breaths several times a day."

Rationale :

🔷 Spinal cord injury can impair chest wall movement and weaken the ability to take deep breaths, increasing atelectasis risk.

🔷 Panting breaths (quick shallow breaths) can help stimulate breathing patterns and encourage air movement, especially when full deep breaths are difficult.

🔷 Frequent breathing exercises help prevent alveolar collapse by promoting regular ventilation.

🔷 Teaching routine breathing strategies supports secretion mobilization and improves overall lung expansion.

🔷 This intervention is practical for clients with limited mobility who need consistent respiratory effort throughout the day.

"Perform deep coughing twice a day."

🔷Coughing only twice daily is not frequent enough for high-risk clients.

🔷Atelectasis prevention requires regular lung expansion exercises (often hourly while awake).

"Get plenty of rest throughout the day."

🔷Rest alone does not expand alveoli or prevent collapse.

🔷Prolonged inactivity can increase shallow respirations and worsen atelectasis risk.

"Strengthen your chest muscles by performing therapy exercises."

🔷Therapy exercises support recovery, but atelectasis prevention depends more on frequent ventilation exercises (deep breathing/incentive spirometry).

🔷Strengthening does not replace targeted respiratory expansion strategies.

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Answer 5

Correct Answers:

Decreased breath sounds on the affected side

Rationale :

⭐ A large pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space that limits lung expansion.

⭐ Fluid acts as a barrier to sound transmission, causing decreased or absent breath sounds over the affected area.

⭐ As the effusion enlarges, it compresses the lung leading to reduced ventilation and possible dyspnea.

⭐ The most direct bedside indicator is diminished breath sounds where the fluid is located.

⭐ This finding strongly correlates with significant pleural fluid volume affecting normal ventilation.

Mild, non-productive cough.

⭐A cough may occur but it is nonspecific and does not reliably indicate a large effusion.

⭐Many conditions can cause mild cough without pleural fluid.

Referred pain to the shoulder or abdomen.

⭐Referred pain can happen with diaphragmatic irritation, but it is not the most indicative sign of a large effusion.

⭐Size is better suggested by lung sound changes and decreased expansion.

Sharp pleuritic chest pain.

⭐Pleuritic pain often occurs with pleural inflammation and may be minimal or absent in large effusions.

⭐The key sign is impaired ventilation and decreased breath sounds.

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Answer 6

Correct Answers:

Regulation of constriction and dilation of blood vessels in the brain

Rationale :

⚫ The brain maintains stable perfusion through cerebral autoregulation, adjusting vessel diameter to match metabolic needs.

⚫ By constricting or dilating cerebral arterioles, the body helps keep cerebral blood flow steady despite changes in blood pressure.

⚫ This mechanism supports more constant cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and oxygen delivery to brain tissue.

⚫ With increased ICP, autoregulation becomes especially important to prevent worsening ischemia.

⚫ The key stabilizer is local control of cerebral vasculature, which directly affects resistance and flow.

Regulation of how much blood is pumped from the heart.

⚫Cardiac output affects overall circulation, but CPP stability depends primarily on cerebral vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure relative to ICP.

⚫It is not the main mechanism of maintaining constant CPP.

Regulation of the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled.

⚫CO₂ levels influence cerebral vessel diameter, but the direct mechanism referenced for maintaining constant perfusion is autoregulated vasoconstriction/vasodilation.

⚫CO₂ control is supportive rather than the core autoregulatory description here.

Regulation of catecholamines circulating throughout the body.

⚫Catecholamines influence systemic blood pressure and stress response but do not specifically describe the brain’s primary method of maintaining stable perfusion.

⚫CPP is most directly controlled through cerebral vessel caliber changes.

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Answer 7

Correct Answers:

Purulent fluid

Rationale :

🟣 Purulent fluid indicates the presence of pus, which strongly suggests an infectious process in the pleural space.

🟣 Infection in pleural fluid is consistent with empyema, a serious complication requiring prompt treatment.

🟣 Purulence reflects high levels of white blood cells, bacteria, and cellular debris.

🟣 Early identification is critical to prevent systemic spread and worsening respiratory compromise.

🟣 This finding should prompt notification and likely culture/sensitivity and targeted antimicrobial management.

Milky fluid.

🟣Milky pleural fluid suggests chylothorax (lymphatic leakage), not infection.

🟣It reflects high triglycerides rather than pus.

Viscous fluid.

🟣Thickness alone is nonspecific and may relate to protein content or chronicity.

🟣It does not definitively indicate infection without purulence.

Bloody fluid.

🟣Bloody drainage can result from trauma, malignancy, or procedural irritation.

🟣It is not as specific for infection as purulent fluid.

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Answer 8

Correct Answers:

PaO2 level

Rationale :

🔴 Oxygen therapy is primarily intended to improve oxygenation, which is best measured objectively by PaO₂ on arterial blood gas.

🔴 PaO₂ directly reflects the amount of oxygen dissolved in arterial blood, showing whether oxygen delivery is improving.

🔴 This parameter confirms if the intervention is correcting hypoxemia, the core problem addressed by oxygen therapy.

🔴 While respiratory rate and vital signs are important, PaO₂ provides the most direct evidence of oxygen therapy effectiveness.

🔴 Monitoring PaO₂ helps guide whether oxygen can be titrated or if advanced support is needed.

Patient's blood pressure.

🔴Blood pressure reflects hemodynamic status but does not directly indicate improved oxygenation.

🔴A patient may have normal BP and still be hypoxemic.

Respiratory rate.

🔴Respiratory rate may change with anxiety, pain, or compensation and is not a direct measure of oxygenation.

🔴A normal rate can occur even when PaO₂ remains low.

PaCO2 levels.

🔴PaCO₂ evaluates ventilation, not oxygenation, and oxygen therapy does not primarily correct CO₂ retention.

🔴CO₂ issues require ventilation support, not just oxygen.

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Answer 9

Correct Answers:

4 + edema to right leg
Inflammation and irritation on right calf
Warmth on right leg

Rationale :

4+ edema to right leg

🟦 4+ edema is a severe level of swelling that is not expected and signals an urgent vascular problem in an immobile client with a spinal cord injury.

🟦 In this context, sudden or worsening unilateral swelling strongly suggests deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which is a medical emergency risk.

🟦 Severe edema indicates significant venous obstruction and impaired return of blood from the limb.

🟦 A suspected DVT can quickly progress to a pulmonary embolism, which can be life-threatening.

🟦 Immediate follow-up is required to initiate rapid evaluation and prevent embolization.

Inflammation and irritation on right calf

🟦 Inflammation and irritation localized to one calf suggests an acute inflammatory vascular process consistent with DVT.

🟦 Tissue inflammation can occur when a clot triggers local vein irritation and surrounding tissue response.

🟦 The client’s immobility from spinal cord injury increases venous stasis, making clot formation more likely.

🟦 This finding combined with swelling and pain increases concern for active clot development.

🟦 Immediate follow-up is needed to prevent complications such as clot migration and pulmonary embolism.

Warmth on right leg

🟦 Increased warmth in one leg compared to the other is a classic assessment cue of localized thrombosis and inflammation.

🟦 Warmth occurs due to increased inflammatory activity and blood flow changes around the affected vein.

🟦 When paired with calf pain and swelling, warmth strongly supports suspicion for DVT.

🟦 DVT is time-sensitive because it can dislodge and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism.

🟦 Immediate follow-up is required to escalate care, obtain diagnostic testing, and begin prevention of embolic complications.

Capillary refill less than 3 seconds in right great toe

🟦 Capillary refill under 3 seconds indicates adequate peripheral perfusion.

🟦 It does not suggest vascular compromise requiring immediate follow-up in this scenario.

Pedal pulses of right leg 3+

🟦 A 3+ pedal pulse indicates strong arterial flow and is not the priority concern here.

🟦The urgent findings are signs of venous obstruction rather than reduced arterial perfusion.

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Answer 10

Correct Answers:

Thoracentesis with pleural fluid analysis

Rationale :

💎 The question asks for the most specific information about the nature of the effusion, meaning what the fluid is and why it’s there.

💎 Thoracentesis with pleural fluid analysis directly examines the fluid for protein/LDH (transudate vs exudate), cell count, glucose, pH, and culture/cytology.

💎 This testing identifies causes such as infection (empyema), malignancy, heart failure, or inflammatory conditions.

💎 Imaging can confirm the presence and size of fluid, but only fluid analysis provides diagnostic classification.

💎 Because it yields direct laboratory evidence, it is the most definitive method for determining the effusion’s nature.

Ultrasound

💎Ultrasound is excellent for detecting and guiding drainage of pleural fluid.

💎It does not determine the biochemical or infectious nature of the fluid.

Chest X-ray

💎A chest X-ray can show fluid level and lung compression.

💎It cannot identify whether the effusion is exudative/transudative or infected/malignant.

CT scan

💎CT can define anatomy and associated disease such as masses or loculations.

💎It still cannot confirm fluid composition without sampling.

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Custom: NUR224G_Exam 1_Dorsainvil

No.

1 :
A patient with a pelvic fracture is at risk for pulmonary embolism. Which intervention should the nurse prioritize?

2 :
A patient with a pelvic fracture is at risk for pulmonary embolism. Which intervention should the nurse prioritize?

3 :
During auscultation, the nurse detects crackles in the lower lobes. What should be the nurse's next action?

4 :
A nurse is teaching a client who has a spinal cord injury about prevention of atelectasis. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching?

5 :
Which of the following clinical findings is most indicative of a large pleural effusion?

6 :
A nurse is taking care of a client who has sustained a neurologic injury with increased intracranial pressure and decreased cerebral perfusion. Which of the following will keep cerebral perfusion pressure constant?

7 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has pleural effusion and has undergone thoracentesis. The nurse should identify that which of the following findings is indicative of an infection?

8 :
When assessing for respiratory failure intervention effectiveness, what parameter should be evaluated post-oxygen therapy?

9 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has a spinal cord injury.

Answer Options

10 :
Which diagnostic test provides the most specific information about the nature of a pleural effusion?

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Custom: NUR224G_Exam 1_Dorsainvil

No.

1 : A patient with a pelvic fracture is at risk for pulmonary embolism. Which intervention should the nurse prioritize?

2 : A patient with a pelvic fracture is at risk for pulmonary embolism. Which intervention should the nurse prioritize?

3 : During auscultation, the nurse detects crackles in the lower lobes. What should be the nurse's next action?

4 : A nurse is teaching a client who has a spinal cord injury about prevention of atelectasis. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching?

5 : Which of the following clinical findings is most indicative of a large pleural effusion?

6 : A nurse is taking care of a client who has sustained a neurologic injury with increased intracranial pressure and decreased cerebral perfusion. Which of the following will keep cerebral perfusion pressure constant?

7 : A nurse is caring for a client who has pleural effusion and has undergone thoracentesis. The nurse should identify that which of the following findings is indicative of an infection?

8 : When assessing for respiratory failure intervention effectiveness, what parameter should be evaluated post-oxygen therapy?

9 : A nurse is caring for a client who has a spinal cord injury.

Answer Options

10 : Which diagnostic test provides the most specific information about the nature of a pleural effusion?

1 :
A patient with a pelvic fracture is at risk for pulmonary embolism. Which intervention should the nurse prioritize?

2 :
A patient with a pelvic fracture is at risk for pulmonary embolism. Which intervention should the nurse prioritize?

3 :
During auscultation, the nurse detects crackles in the lower lobes. What should be the nurse's next action?

4 :
A nurse is teaching a client who has a spinal cord injury about prevention of atelectasis. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching?

5 :
Which of the following clinical findings is most indicative of a large pleural effusion?

6 :
A nurse is taking care of a client who has sustained a neurologic injury with increased intracranial pressure and decreased cerebral perfusion. Which of the following will keep cerebral perfusion pressure constant?

7 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has pleural effusion and has undergone thoracentesis. The nurse should identify that which of the following findings is indicative of an infection?

8 :
When assessing for respiratory failure intervention effectiveness, what parameter should be evaluated post-oxygen therapy?

9 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has a spinal cord injury.

10 :
Which diagnostic test provides the most specific information about the nature of a pleural effusion?