Question

A nurse is assessing a client who has end-stage kidney disease and is receiving hemodialysis. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an indication the client is experiencing fluid overload?

Answer 1

Correct Answers:

The client has a 5 lb weight gain since yesterday.

Rationale :

🔵 Fluid overload in clients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) can manifest as rapid weight gain, as the kidneys are no longer able to excrete excess fluid.

🔵 A 5 lb weight gain in a single day is a significant indicator of fluid retention and suggests that the client is not adequately removing excess fluid through dialysis.

🔵 Weight gain is one of the most reliable indicators of fluid imbalance, and the nurse should notify the healthcare provider to adjust the dialysis prescription or assess for complications.

Flattened neck veins

🔷 Flattened neck veins are usually a sign of hypovolemia (low fluid volume), not fluid overload.

🔷 In fluid overload, neck veins are distended due to increased blood volume.

Return of skin to previous position when the client's shin is palpated

🔷 Skin turgor is assessed by pinching the skin, and it should return to its normal position if the client is well-hydrated.

🔷 A normal return of skin suggests appropriate hydration and does not indicate fluid overload.

Oxygen saturation 93%

🔷 A slightly low oxygen saturation (below 94%) may occur due to a variety of factors, but it is not a direct indicator of fluid overload.

🔷 While fluid overload can contribute to respiratory distress, it is not the primary factor affecting oxygen saturation.

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Answer 2

Correct Answers:

Collect a urine specimen from the client.

Rationale :

🔵 Gonorrhea can be diagnosed through laboratory tests, including urine specimens, which can be used to detect Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacteria responsible for the infection.

🔵 A urine specimen is a non-invasive method to screen for gonorrhea in females, particularly when symptoms are not yet apparent.

🔵 Testing for gonorrhea is essential to confirm the diagnosis and start appropriate treatment with antibiotics to prevent complications and transmission.

🔵 Additionally, it is crucial to screen for other STIs (sexually transmitted infections), as gonorrhea often coexists with other infections, such as chlamydia.

Instruct the client about preventing reinfection by using a diaphragm.

🔷 Diaphragms are not a recommended method of prevention for gonorrhea or other sexually transmitted infections.

🔷 Barrier methods like condoms are more effective in preventing transmission of gonorrhea.

Obtain information about the client's recent sexual experiences.

🔷 While gathering sexual history is important for risk assessment and contact tracing, it is not the immediate action to take for diagnosing or treating gonorrhea.

🔷 The priority action is to collect a specimen to confirm the infection.

Tell the client to expect some joint pain.

🔷 Joint pain can occur in disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI), but it is not a common immediate symptom of gonorrhea exposure.

🔷 The nurse should focus on testing for the infection and starting treatment before discussing less common symptoms.

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Answer 3

Correct Answers:

Check urine specific gravity.

Rationale :

🔷 Urine specific gravity is a key diagnostic and monitoring tool for diabetes insipidus (DI), as it helps assess the concentration of urine.

🔷 In DI, the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine properly, leading to low specific gravity (dilute urine).

🔷 Regular monitoring of urine specific gravity helps assess the severity of DI and the effectiveness of treatments like vasopressin.

🔷 This intervention provides insight into hydration status and renal function, allowing for appropriate adjustments in care.

Administer a diuretic.

🔷 Diuretics are used to promote fluid loss, but diabetes insipidus already results in excessive urination and fluid loss due to insufficient antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

🔷 Administering a diuretic could exacerbate dehydration and worsen the client’s condition.

Measure blood glucose levels every 4 hr.

🔷 While diabetes mellitus requires regular blood glucose monitoring, diabetes insipidus is unrelated to blood glucose.

🔷 In DI, urine output and hydration status are the primary concerns, not glucose levels.

Initiate fluid restrictions.

🔷 Fluid restrictions are contraindicated in diabetes insipidus because the condition leads to excessive thirst and dehydration.

🔷 The priority is to encourage fluid intake to prevent hypovolemia and maintain hydration.

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Answer 4

Correct Answers:

Heparin

Rationale :

🔷 Heparin is an anticoagulant used to prevent further clot formation in clients with a pulmonary embolism (PE).

🔷 Heparin helps thin the blood, reducing the risk of additional emboli and improving blood flow to the lungs.

🔷 Administering heparin immediately after a PE diagnosis helps manage the condition and prevent complications, such as right-sided heart failure.

🔷 This medication is typically used in the acute phase of PE and may be followed by other anticoagulants for long-term management.

Furosemide

🔷 Furosemide is a loop diuretic used to treat fluid retention and congestion (e.g., in heart failure), but it does not address the underlying cause of a pulmonary embolism.

🔷 It may be used to manage symptoms of right-sided heart failure secondary to PE but is not the primary treatment for PE itself.

Dexamethasone

🔷 Dexamethasone is a steroid used to reduce inflammation, but it does not prevent or treat clot formation in a pulmonary embolism.

🔷 It may be used in other conditions with inflammation but is not indicated for managing PE.

Atropine

🔷 Atropine is an anticholinergic used to treat bradycardia (low heart rate), but it does not address the underlying clot or blood flow issues in a PE.

🔷 While it may be used to manage symptoms like low heart rate in some patients, it is not used to treat a pulmonary embolism.

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Answer 5

Correct Answers:

Determine if the client uses hearing aids.

Rationale :

🔷 Determining if the client uses hearing aids is the priority because hearing aids can significantly improve communication for individuals with partial hearing loss.

🔷 If the client uses hearing aids, it is important to ensure that they are functioning properly before proceeding with communication.

🔷 If the client does not use hearing aids, the nurse can explore alternative communication strategies, such as writing or using assistive listening devices, but assessing for hearing aids is the first step in promoting effective communication.

Rephrase statements the client does not hear.

🔷 While rephrasing is helpful for clarification, it should be done after determining if the client is using hearing aids or if the hearing aid is properly adjusted.

🔷 It is not the first step in communication, as the client's hearing aid could address the hearing loss.

Stand directly in front of the client.

🔷 Standing directly in front of the client may be helpful for visual cues, but it is not as essential as ensuring that hearing aids are in use and functioning properly.

🔷 Positioning and non-verbal cues should be considered after assessing the hearing aid use.

Speak using his usual tone of voice.

🔷 Speaking in a normal tone may not be effective if the client has difficulty hearing, even if they are using hearing aids.

🔷 Adjusting volume or speaking more clearly may be needed depending on the client’s level of hearing loss, but confirming the use of hearing aids is the first priority.

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Answer 6

Correct Answers:

Fluticasone

Rationale :

🔷 Fluticasone is a steroid used to treat asthma, but it can exacerbate heart failure by causing fluid retention and increasing blood pressure, which is contraindicated in clients with heart failure.

🔷 While corticosteroids like fluticasone are effective in managing asthma, they can have adverse cardiovascular effects in individuals with preexisting heart conditions.

🔷 The nurse should clarify whether fluticasone is necessary and if alternatives that are less likely to affect the cardiovascular system could be considered for this client.

Carvedilol

🔷 Carvedilol is a beta-blocker used to treat heart failure by reducing heart rate and blood pressure, improving cardiac function.

🔷 It is appropriate for managing heart failure and is generally safe for clients with asthma when used cautiously.

Captopril

🔷 Captopril is an ACE inhibitor that helps reduce blood pressure and improve heart function in heart failure.

🔷 It is commonly prescribed for heart failure and is typically safe in patients with asthma unless they have a history of angioedema.

Isosorbide dinitrate

🔷 Isosorbide dinitrate is a nitrate that helps to dilate blood vessels, relieving symptoms of heart failure.

🔷 It is safe and appropriate for use in clients with heart failure and does not pose a risk to clients with asthma.

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Answer 7

Correct Answers:

Hypoxemia

Rationale :

🔷 Hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood) is one of the earliest manifestations of fat embolism syndrome (FES).

🔷 FES occurs when fat globules from the bone marrow enter the bloodstream and travel to the lungs, causing pulmonary embolism and resulting in hypoxemia.

🔷 Early signs of FES typically involve respiratory distress and decreased oxygen saturation, which are critical to monitor.

🔷 Oxygen therapy and supportive care are initiated immediately to manage hypoxemia and prevent further complications in FES.

Headache

🔷 While headache may occur in FES due to hypoxia, it is not an early and primary manifestation of fat embolism syndrome.

🔷 It is more likely to occur as the condition progresses or as a symptom of increased intracranial pressure from hypoxemia.

Petechiae

🔷 Petechiae are often observed in fat embolism syndrome but tend to appear later, typically around 24 to 72 hours after the fracture.

🔷 Petechiae are small, pinpoint red or purple spots caused by capillary rupture and occur as a result of fat globules traveling to the skin.

Precordial chest pain

🔷 Precordial chest pain is not a typical early manifestation of FES.

🔷 Chest pain may occur later in the syndrome if there is significant pulmonary involvement or respiratory distress, but it is not one of the first signs.

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Answer 8

Correct Answers:

Tomatoes
Raisins
Bananas

Rationale :

🔷 Tomatoes, raisins, and bananas are all high in potassium, which can be harmful to clients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to the kidney's reduced ability to excrete excess potassium.

🔷 Elevated potassium levels, or hyperkalemia, can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and other complications, so it is essential for CKD patients to avoid or limit these foods.

🔷 The nurse should educate the client on food choices that are lower in potassium to help maintain electrolyte balance and prevent serious complications.

Asparagus

🔷 Asparagus is a low-potassium vegetable and can be safely included in the diet of clients with CKD.

🔷 It provides nutrients without significantly contributing to potassium buildup.

Green Beans

🔷 Green beans are also low in potassium compared to other vegetables.

🔷 They are a safe option for clients with CKD who need to manage their potassium intake.

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Answer 9

Correct Answers:

Fatigue

Rationale :

🔷 Fatigue is a common sign of hypokalemia (low potassium levels), which can occur as a side effect of diuretic use in clients with heart failure.

🔷 Potassium is essential for normal muscle function, and low levels can lead to muscle weakness, tiredness, and overall fatigue.

🔷 It is important for the nurse to monitor for hypokalemia in clients on diuretics, as it can lead to serious cardiac and neuromuscular issues if not corrected.

Dyspnea

🔷 Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) can occur in heart failure but is not directly related to hypokalemia.

🔷 Dyspnea in heart failure is often due to fluid retention and pulmonary congestion, not low potassium levels.

Pitting edema

🔷 Pitting edema is a sign of fluid retention in heart failure and is more commonly associated with hypervolemia, not hypokalemia.

🔷 Diuretics are typically used to manage fluid retention, but edema is not a primary symptom of low potassium.

Oliguria

🔷 Oliguria (reduced urine output) is a potential side effect of kidney dysfunction or severe fluid overload in heart failure, but it is not a direct indicator of hypokalemia.

🔷 In fact, hypokalemia can sometimes lead to polyuria (increased urine output) due to impaired renal function.

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Answer 10

Correct Answers:

Hemolytic

Rationale :

🔷 Hemolytic transfusion reactions occur when the recipient’s immune system attacks the donor red blood cells, usually due to incompatible blood types.

🔷 The symptoms described—apprehension, tachycardia, headache, and low back pain—are typical signs of a hemolytic reaction occurring shortly after the transfusion begins.

🔷 Low back pain is particularly significant, as it often indicates kidney damage resulting from the breakdown of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin into the bloodstream.

🔷 The nurse should stop the transfusion immediately, notify the provider, and initiate appropriate interventions to manage the reaction.

Bacterial

🔷 Bacterial transfusion reactions occur due to contamination of the blood products, usually resulting in symptoms such as fever, chills, and shock.

🔷 The client’s symptoms in this case are more consistent with a hemolytic reaction rather than bacterial contamination.

Febrile

🔷 Febrile transfusion reactions are characterized by fever and chills, which are caused by the body’s response to cytokines released from white blood cells in the transfused blood.

🔷 While fever is a hallmark of febrile reactions, it is not the most likely cause of the symptoms described here, particularly the low back pain and tachycardia.

Allergic

🔷 Allergic reactions to blood transfusions usually present with symptoms like hives, itching, or rash rather than the systemic symptoms of tachycardia, headache, and low back pain.

🔷 The client's symptoms are more indicative of a hemolytic reaction than an allergic response.

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Custom NUR 2241 Final Exam

No.

1 :
A nurse is assessing a client who has end-stage kidney disease and is receiving hemodialysis. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an indication the client is experiencing fluid overload?

2 :
A nurse in a clinic is caring for a female client who was exposed to gonorrhea. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?

3 :
nurse is planning care for a client who has a new diagnosis of diabetes insipidus. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care?

4 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has just developed a pulmonary embolism. Which of the following medications should the nurse anticipate administering?

5 :
A nurse is admitting a client who has a partial hearing loss. Which of the following is the priority action by the nurse?

6 :
The nurse is caring for a client who has heart failure and a history of asthma. The nurse reviews the provider's orders and recognizes that clarification is needed for which of the following medications?

7 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has a femur fracture. The nurse suspects that the client has fat embolism syndrome. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an early manifestation of fat embolism syndrome?

8 :
A nurse is teaching a client who has chronic kidney disease about limiting foods that are high in potassium. Which of the following foods should the nurse instruct the client to avoid? (Select all that apply.)

9 :
A home health nurse is making a home visit to a client who takes a daily diuretic for heart failure. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse identify as indicating the client is hypokalemic?

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Custom NUR 2241 Final Exam

No.

1 : A nurse is assessing a client who has end-stage kidney disease and is receiving hemodialysis. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an indication the client is experiencing fluid overload?

2 : A nurse in a clinic is caring for a female client who was exposed to gonorrhea. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?

3 : nurse is planning care for a client who has a new diagnosis of diabetes insipidus. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care?

4 : A nurse is caring for a client who has just developed a pulmonary embolism. Which of the following medications should the nurse anticipate administering?

5 : A nurse is admitting a client who has a partial hearing loss. Which of the following is the priority action by the nurse?

6 : The nurse is caring for a client who has heart failure and a history of asthma. The nurse reviews the provider's orders and recognizes that clarification is needed for which of the following medications?

7 : A nurse is caring for a client who has a femur fracture. The nurse suspects that the client has fat embolism syndrome. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an early manifestation of fat embolism syndrome?

8 : A nurse is teaching a client who has chronic kidney disease about limiting foods that are high in potassium. Which of the following foods should the nurse instruct the client to avoid? (Select all that apply.)

9 : A home health nurse is making a home visit to a client who takes a daily diuretic for heart failure. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse identify as indicating the client is hypokalemic?

1 :
A nurse is assessing a client who has end-stage kidney disease and is receiving hemodialysis. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an indication the client is experiencing fluid overload?

2 :
A nurse in a clinic is caring for a female client who was exposed to gonorrhea. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?

3 :
nurse is planning care for a client who has a new diagnosis of diabetes insipidus. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care?

4 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has just developed a pulmonary embolism. Which of the following medications should the nurse anticipate administering?

5 :
A nurse is admitting a client who has a partial hearing loss. Which of the following is the priority action by the nurse?

6 :
The nurse is caring for a client who has heart failure and a history of asthma. The nurse reviews the provider's orders and recognizes that clarification is needed for which of the following medications?

7 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has a femur fracture. The nurse suspects that the client has fat embolism syndrome. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an early manifestation of fat embolism syndrome?

8 :
A nurse is teaching a client who has chronic kidney disease about limiting foods that are high in potassium. Which of the following foods should the nurse instruct the client to avoid? (Select all that apply.)

9 :
A home health nurse is making a home visit to a client who takes a daily diuretic for heart failure. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse identify as indicating the client is hypokalemic?