Question

The nurse is caring for a client admitted with dehydration who has been receiving intravenous (IV) fluid replacement. Which manifestation is an indication of effective treatment?

Answer 1

Correct Answers:

Blood pressure 112/70 mmHg

Rationale :

💎 A blood pressure of 112/70 mmHg shows improvement because dehydration commonly causes hypotension due to reduced circulating volume.

💎 As IV fluids restore volume, vascular filling increases which stabilizes systolic and diastolic pressure toward normal range.

💎 This value indicates that perfusion is improving and the circulatory system is responding appropriately to fluid therapy.

💎 A normalizing blood pressure is one of the earliest and clearest indicators of effective rehydration.

💎 This manifestation, combined with clinical improvement, signals successful IV fluid replacement.

Incorrect Options

💎 Pulse 105/min: A tachycardic pulse suggests ongoing volume deficit or compensatory response, not effective hydration.

💎 Urine specific gravity 1.038: This value is high, indicating concentrated urine and persistent dehydration, not improvement.

💎 Urine output 25 mL/hr: This is below the expected minimum of 30 mL/hr, showing inadequate renal perfusion.

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Answer 2

Correct Answers:

Fatigue

Rationale :

🌟 Fatigue occurs because iron deficiency leads to decreased hemoglobin, reducing oxygen-carrying capacity.

🌟 Lower oxygen delivery to tissues results in tiredness, weakness, and reduced endurance.

🌟 It is the most common and early symptom of iron-deficiency anemia.

🌟 Fatigue improves once iron stores and hemoglobin levels normalize with treatment.

🌟 Clients often report exhaustion even with minimal activity due to decreased cellular oxygenation.

Incorrect Options

🌟 Jaundice: Jaundice occurs in hemolytic anemia, not iron deficiency.

🌟 Disorientation: This is not typical in iron-deficiency anemia unless severe hypoxia occurs.

🌟 Slurred speech: Not associated with anemia; more consistent with neurologic impairment, stroke, or intoxication.

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Answer 3

Correct Answers:

Blood pressure 82/50 mmHg

Rationale :

🔷 A blood pressure of 82/50 mmHg indicates severe hypotension, suggesting anaphylaxis, which is life-threatening.

🔷 Anaphylactic shock results from massive vasodilation and capillary leakage triggered by an allergen such as an antibiotic.

🔷 Hypotension is the most critical sign because it compromises perfusion to major organs.

🔷 Immediate intervention such as epinephrine administration is needed to prevent cardiovascular collapse.

🔷 This finding takes priority over all other symptoms of allergic reaction.

Incorrect Options

🔷 Report of anxiety: Anxiety may occur early in an allergic reaction but is not life-threatening compared to hypotension.

🔷 Severe pruritus: Itching is a common allergic symptom but not indicative of shock.

🔷 Abdominal cramping: A mild to moderate allergic symptom, not the priority over circulatory failure.

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Answer 4

Correct Answers:

Decreased partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂)

Rationale :

🟠 Metabolic acidosis occurs when there is a decrease in HCO₃⁻, which is the metabolic base buffer in the body.

🟠 A low bicarbonate level means there is excess acid or insufficient buffering of metabolic acids.

🟠 Causes include DKA, renal failure, diarrhea, and lactic acidosis, all of which reduce serum bicarbonate.

🟠 The pH is typically low in metabolic acidosis, and respiratory compensation increases respiratory rate to blow off CO₂.

🟠 Therefore, a decreased bicarbonate level is the clearest ABG indicator of metabolic acidosis.

Incorrect Options

🟠 Decreased PaO₂: This indicates hypoxemia, not metabolic acidosis.

🟠 Elevated pH: Indicates alkalosis, not acidosis.

🟠 Elevated PaCO₂: Associated with respiratory acidosis, not metabolic disturbance.

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Answer 5

Correct Answers:

Hyperkalemia
Salicylate toxicity

Rationale :

✅ 1. Hyperkalemia – Possible Cause

✨ Hyperkalemia is associated with metabolic acidosis because hydrogen ions (H⁺) shift into cells while potassium ions (K⁺) shift out, increasing serum potassium.

✨ This ion exchange happens when the body is acidotic and can also worsen the acidosis by altering renal acid excretion.

✨ In conditions like renal failure, the kidneys cannot eliminate acids effectively, causing both potassium and hydrogen ions to accumulate.

✨ Reduced ability to excrete H⁺ contributes directly to the development or worsening of metabolic acidosis.

✨ Thus, hyperkalemia is both a result and a contributing cause of metabolic acidosis.

✅ 2. Salicylate Toxicity – Possible Cause

🔥 Salicylate toxicity increases metabolic rate and triggers excess production of organic acids such as lactic acid.

🔥 These acids accumulate and lower serum bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), leading to metabolic acidosis.

🔥 Salicylates disrupt oxidative phosphorylation, producing even more acid byproducts.

🔥 They also interfere with renal bicarbonate reabsorption, which further decreases buffering capacity.

🔥 This condition often produces a mixed acid–base disorder, with early respiratory alkalosis followed by metabolic acidosis.

❌ 3. Hyperventilation – Not a Cause

🚫 Hyperventilation removes excessive carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the bloodstream, causing respiratory alkalosis, not metabolic acidosis.

🚫 As CO₂ levels fall, carbonic acid decreases and pH rises into the alkaline range.

🚫 This process does not generate metabolic acids or reduce serum bicarbonate.

🚫 Hyperventilation is commonly linked to anxiety, pain, or hypoxemia, not metabolic imbalance.

🚫 Therefore, hyperventilation is not associated with the development of metabolic acidosis.

❌ 4. Nausea and Vomiting – Not a Cause

❌ Vomiting causes loss of hydrochloric acid (HCl) from the stomach, which leads to metabolic alkalosis, the opposite of metabolic acidosis.

❌ Loss of acid results in elevated serum bicarbonate, increasing blood pH.

❌ Vomiting does not contribute to the retention of metabolic acids.

❌ Resulting fluid loss may impair renal perfusion, reducing acid excretion and worsening alkalosis.

❌ Therefore, nausea and vomiting are not causes of metabolic acidosis.

❌ 5. Overuse of Antacids – Not a Cause

⚠️ Overuse of antacids introduces excess alkaline substances such as bicarbonate, leading to metabolic alkalosis.

⚠️ Increased HCO₃⁻ raises pH and reduces overall acidity in the bloodstream.

⚠️ Impaired kidney perfusion may limit bicarbonate excretion, worsening alkalosis.

⚠️ This does not increase production or retention of metabolic acids.

⚠️ Therefore, antacid overuse is associated with alkalosis—not metabolic acidosis.etabolic acidosis.

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Answer 6

Correct Answers:

Discontinue all forms of anesthesia

Rationale :

🔷 Malignant hyperthermia is a life-threatening reaction triggered by volatile anesthetics and succinylcholine, so the priority is to STOP the triggering agents immediately.

🔷 Continuing anesthesia exposure worsens uncontrolled calcium release in skeletal muscles, increasing hypermetabolism, rigidity, and hyperthermia.

🔷 Discontinuation prevents further escalation of tachycardia, acidosis, and rhabdomyolysis.

🔷 Stopping anesthetics is the first lifesaving intervention before other treatments like dantrolene sodium and cooling can be initiated.

🔷 All other actions are secondary and cannot be effective until the triggering agents are removed.

Incorrect Options

🔷 Administer sterile ice water NG: Cooling is helpful but not the priority before stopping the trigger.

🔷 Administer 100% FiO₂: Oxygenation is secondary to removing the cause of the crisis.

🔷 Notify PACU: Communication is not the priority during an active hypermetabolic emergency.

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Answer 7

Correct Answers:

0.45% sodium chloride

Rationale :

🌟 0.45% sodium chloride is a hypotonic solution that helps shift water back into dehydrated cells, which is essential in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

🌟 After initial isotonic fluids, hypotonic saline corrects intracellular fluid loss caused by hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis.

🌟 It safely reduces serum osmolality, improving cellular hydration without causing rapid fluid shifts.

🌟 This solution replaces ongoing losses while avoiding worsening of hypernatremia or hyperosmolarity.

🌟 Hypotonic fluids are preferred in the stabilization phase once blood pressure is adequate.

Incorrect Options

🌟 25% albumin: A colloid that expands intravascular volume, not indicated in DKA.

🌟 Dextrose 10%: Used only when blood glucose drops to avoid hypoglycemia, not at the start.

🌟 3% sodium chloride: A hypertonic solution that worsens dehydration and increases osmolality.

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Answer 8

Correct Answers:

Respiratory acidosis

Rationale :

💠 A pH of 7.30 indicates acidemia, confirming an acidic disturbance.

💠 The PaCO₂ of 50 mmHg is elevated, meaning CO₂ is not being adequately exhaled, which is the hallmark of respiratory acidosis.

💠 The HCO₃⁻ level of 24 is normal, showing that the kidneys have not begun compensating and the cause is not metabolic.

💠 PaO₂ is normal, indicating that oxygenation is not severely impaired but ventilation is inadequate.

💠 This pattern fits uncompensated respiratory acidosis, commonly due to hypoventilation, COPD, or airway obstruction.

Incorrect Options

💠 Metabolic alkalosis: Would show high pH and elevated bicarbonate.

💠 Respiratory alkalosis: Would show low CO₂ and elevated pH.

💠 Metabolic acidosis: Would show low bicarbonate.

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Answer 9

Correct Answers:

Age over 65 years old

Rationale :

✴️ Older adults have reduced immune function, slower wound healing, and decreased tissue perfusion, all of which increase the risk of surgical site infection (SSI).

✴️ Age-related changes impair collagen synthesis and slow inflammatory responses, making infections more likely.

✴️ Comorbidities common in older adults (e.g., diabetes, vascular disease) also increase SSI risk.

✴️ Skin integrity declines with age, allowing pathogens easier entry during surgical procedures.

✴️ Age is a well-established independent predictor of postoperative infection.

Incorrect Options

✴️ History of DVT: Not related to SSI risk.

✴️ Antihypertensives: Do not impair immune response or healing.

✴️ BMI 23: Normal BMI does not increase infection risk; obesity does.

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Answer 10

Correct Answers:

Immobility
Recent surgery

Rationale :

✅ Immobility — Increases Thromboembolism Risk

🟢 Immobility significantly slows venous return, causing blood to pool in the lower extremities, which directly increases venous stasis, one of the three components of Virchow’s triad.

🟢 With prolonged inactivity, the calf muscle pump is not engaged, meaning blood stagnates in the deep veins, making clot formation more likely.

🟢 Venous stasis promotes platelet aggregation and activation of the coagulation cascade, conditions that facilitate thrombus formation.

🟢 Clients who are hospitalized, bedridden, paralyzed, post-stroke, or recovering from trauma are at particularly high risk.

🟢 Because immobility affects both circulation and vascular health, it is considered one of the strongest predictors of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).

✅Recent Surgery — Increases Thromboembolism Risk

🟢 Recent surgery increases risk because surgical procedures cause endothelial injury, which immediately triggers the coagulation cascade.

🟢 Tissue trauma during surgery releases procoagulant substances, increasing platelet activity and clot formation.

🟢 Most surgical patients also experience a period of postoperative immobility, which compounds the risk through venous stasis.

🟢 General anesthesia contributes to vasodilation and reduced vascular tone, slowing venous flow and further increasing the likelihood of clot formation.

🟢 Major procedures—such as orthopedic, abdominal, or pelvic surgeries—are particularly associated with a high incidence of VTE due to increased tissue damage and immobilization.

❌Warfarin Therapy — Does NOT Increase Risk

🟥 Warfarin therapy is an anticoagulant, designed to reduce the formation of thromboembolic events, not increase them.

🟥 It works by inhibiting vitamin K–dependent clotting factors, including Factors II, VII, IX, and X, which decreases the blood’s ability to form clots.

🟥 Clients on warfarin are closely monitored through INR testing, ensuring therapeutic anticoagulation and thereby lowering VTE risk.

🟥 Instead of promoting clotting, warfarin prevents thrombus propagation and reduces the risk of complications such as DVT and PE.

🟥 Because its mechanism prevents coagulation, it cannot be considered a risk factor for thromboembolism.

❌Arterial Insufficiency — Does NOT Increase Venous Thromboembolism Risk

🟥 Arterial insufficiency affects the arterial circulation, not the venous system, where most thromboembolisms such as DVT occur.

🟥 It is characterized by poor arterial perfusion, leading to symptoms like claudication, ischemia, and delayed wound healing, but not venous clot formation.

🟥 Arterial disease does not promote venous stasis, hypercoagulability, or endothelial injury in the venous system.

🟥 While arterial disorders are serious, they are associated with ischemia rather than thromboembolic events, which primarily form in the venous circulation.

🟥 Because the pathophysiology differs from venous thrombosis, arterial insufficiency is not a risk factor for VTE.

❌High-Sodium Diet — Does NOT Increase Thromboembolism Risk

🟥 A high-sodium diet can contribute to conditions such as hypertension and fluid retention, but it does not affect the coagulation cascade or venous stasis.

🟥 Sodium intake has no direct association with increased platelet activation, endothelial injury, or hypercoagulability.

🟥 It may elevate blood pressure, but this does not create conditions leading to venous thrombus formation.

🟥 Lifestyle habits such as inactivity, smoking, or postoperative recovery contribute significantly more to VTE risk than sodium intake.

🟥 Therefore, a high-sodium diet is not recognized as a risk factor for thromboembolism.

❌ Cigarette Smoking — Increases Thromboembolism Risk

🟢 Cigarette smoking damages vascular endothelial cells, increasing the likelihood of thrombogenesis.

🟢 Chemicals such as nicotine and carbon monoxide increase platelet aggregation, blood viscosity, and systemic vasoconstriction, contributing to clot formation.

🟢 Smoking promotes a hypercoagulable state, creating an environment where clots can form more easily in vulnerable clients.

🟢 It also decreases oxygen delivery to tissues, further impairing vascular health and increasing DVT/PE risk.

🟢 Smokers—especially those who are immobile, postoperative, or on hormone therapy—have a significantly higher chance of developing venous thromboembolism.

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Custom NUR1211 Midterm November 2025

No.

1 :
The nurse is caring for a client admitted with dehydration who has been receiving intravenous (IV) fluid replacement. Which manifestation is an indication of effective treatment?

2 :
A nurse is obtaining a health history from a client who has iron-deficiency anemia. Which finding should the nurse expect?

3 :
A nurse is providing care to a client who exhibits wheezing after receiving an antibiotic. Which is the priority finding?

4 :
When interpreting an arterial blood gas (ABG) result, which of the following findings indicates metabolic acidosis?

5 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has metabolic acidosis. Which assessment finding is a possible cause for this condition? (Select all that apply.)

6 :
A client in the operating room begins to experience cardiac arrhythmia and muscular rigidity. The nurse notes that the client is breathing rapidly, their oxygen saturation is dropping, and their temperature is rising. What is the priority nursing action?

7 :
A nurse is planning care for a client who has diabetic ketoacidosis resulting in intracellular dehydration. Which intravenous solution should the nurse plan to initiate?

8 :
Interpret the following arterial blood gas (ABG) sample results:
pH 7.30 (7.35–7.45)
PaCO₂ 50 mmHg (35–45 mmHg)
PaO₂ 85 mmHg (80–100 mmHg)
HCO₃⁻ 24 mEq/L (21–28 mEq/L)
Which acid–base imbalance do these values indicate?

9 :
A nurse is reviewing the client's medical record in the pre-surgical holding area. Which of the following places the client at risk for a surgical site infection?

10 :
The nurse is caring for several clients on a medical unit and recognizes that which of the following factors increases a client's risk for developing a thromboembolism? (Select all that apply.)

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Custom NUR1211 Midterm November 2025

No.

1 : The nurse is caring for a client admitted with dehydration who has been receiving intravenous (IV) fluid replacement. Which manifestation is an indication of effective treatment?

2 : A nurse is obtaining a health history from a client who has iron-deficiency anemia. Which finding should the nurse expect?

3 : A nurse is providing care to a client who exhibits wheezing after receiving an antibiotic. Which is the priority finding?

4 : When interpreting an arterial blood gas (ABG) result, which of the following findings indicates metabolic acidosis?

5 : A nurse is caring for a client who has metabolic acidosis. Which assessment finding is a possible cause for this condition? (Select all that apply.)

6 : A client in the operating room begins to experience cardiac arrhythmia and muscular rigidity. The nurse notes that the client is breathing rapidly, their oxygen saturation is dropping, and their temperature is rising. What is the priority nursing action?

7 : A nurse is planning care for a client who has diabetic ketoacidosis resulting in intracellular dehydration. Which intravenous solution should the nurse plan to initiate?

8 : Interpret the following arterial blood gas (ABG) sample results:pH 7.30 (7.35–7.45)PaCO₂ 50 mmHg (35–45 mmHg)PaO₂ 85 mmHg (80–100 mmHg)HCO₃⁻ 24 mEq/L (21–28 mEq/L)Which acid–base imbalance do these values indicate?

9 : A nurse is reviewing the client's medical record in the pre-surgical holding area. Which of the following places the client at risk for a surgical site infection?

10 : The nurse is caring for several clients on a medical unit and recognizes that which of the following factors increases a client's risk for developing a thromboembolism? (Select all that apply.)

1 :
The nurse is caring for a client admitted with dehydration who has been receiving intravenous (IV) fluid replacement. Which manifestation is an indication of effective treatment?

2 :
A nurse is obtaining a health history from a client who has iron-deficiency anemia. Which finding should the nurse expect?

3 :
A nurse is providing care to a client who exhibits wheezing after receiving an antibiotic. Which is the priority finding?

4 :
When interpreting an arterial blood gas (ABG) result, which of the following findings indicates metabolic acidosis?

5 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has metabolic acidosis. Which assessment finding is a possible cause for this condition? (Select all that apply.)

6 :
A client in the operating room begins to experience cardiac arrhythmia and muscular rigidity. The nurse notes that the client is breathing rapidly, their oxygen saturation is dropping, and their temperature is rising. What is the priority nursing action?

7 :
A nurse is planning care for a client who has diabetic ketoacidosis resulting in intracellular dehydration. Which intravenous solution should the nurse plan to initiate?

8 :
Interpret the following arterial blood gas (ABG) sample results:
pH 7.30 (7.35–7.45)
PaCO₂ 50 mmHg (35–45 mmHg)
PaO₂ 85 mmHg (80–100 mmHg)
HCO₃⁻ 24 mEq/L (21–28 mEq/L)
Which acid–base imbalance do these values indicate?

9 :
A nurse is reviewing the client's medical record in the pre-surgical holding area. Which of the following places the client at risk for a surgical site infection?

10 :
The nurse is caring for several clients on a medical unit and recognizes that which of the following factors increases a client's risk for developing a thromboembolism? (Select all that apply.)