Question

What condition(s) occur when insufficient antidiuretic hormone is secreted? Select all that apply.

Answer 1

Correct Answers:

Fluid volume deficit
Diabetes insipidus

Rationale :

✅ Fluid volume deficit

💎 When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are insufficient, the kidneys fail to reabsorb enough water from the renal tubules, leading to excessive urine output (polyuria).

💎 This loss of free water results in dehydration and fluid volume deficit, manifesting as thirst, dry mucous membranes, hypotension, and tachycardia.

💎 Without adequate ADH, the body cannot maintain normal water balance, causing increased serum osmolality and concentrated electrolytes.

💎 Proper fluid replacement is essential to prevent hypovolemic shock.

✅ Diabetes insipidus

🔷 Diabetes insipidus (DI) is the primary disorder resulting from insufficient secretion or ineffective response to ADH.

🔷 It may occur due to pituitary damage, head injury, or nephrogenic causes, leading to large volumes of dilute urine and excessive thirst (polydipsia).

🔷 The hallmark findings include low urine specific gravity, high serum sodium, and elevated plasma osmolality.

🔷 Treatment often includes desmopressin (synthetic ADH) and careful monitoring of fluid balance.

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Answer 2

Correct Answers:

Pulmonary embolus

Rationale :

💎 Prolonged immobility leads to venous stasis, where blood pools in the lower extremities, predisposing to deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

💎 A clot that dislodges can travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism (PE) — a life-threatening complication.

💎 Signs include sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, and hypoxia.

💎 Prevention involves early ambulation, leg exercises, compression devices, and anticoagulant therapy.

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Answer 3

Correct Answers:

Pulmonary embolus

Rationale :

💎 Prolonged immobility leads to venous stasis, where blood pools in the lower extremities, predisposing to deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

💎 A clot that dislodges can travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism (PE) — a life-threatening complication.

💎 Signs include sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, and hypoxia.

💎 Prevention involves early ambulation, leg exercises, compression devices, and anticoagulant therapy.

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Answer 4

Correct Answers:

Aspiration pneumonia

Rationale :

🔷 Aspiration pneumonia occurs when food, fluids, or gastric contents enter the lungs, introducing bacteria and causing infection.

🔷 It is common in clients with impaired swallowing, decreased consciousness, or tube feeding.

🔷 Symptoms include fever, productive cough, and crackles in dependent lung areas.

🔷 Prevention includes elevating the head of bed and monitoring swallowing ability.

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Answer 5

Correct Answers:

Increased parathyroid hormone

Rationale :

💠 Excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes bone resorption, where calcium is pulled from bones into the blood, leading to osteoporosis.

💠 This results in brittle bones and increased fracture risk.

💠 Common in postmenopausal women and those with endocrine disorders.

💠 Management includes calcium, vitamin D, and weight-bearing exercises.

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Answer 6

Correct Answers:

Productive cough and thick sputum

Rationale :

💎 Chronic bronchitis, a form of COPD, involves chronic inflammation of the bronchi and excess mucus production.

💎 Persistent productive cough lasting ≥3 months for 2 consecutive years is diagnostic.

💎 Thick sputum, dyspnea, and cyanosis may occur due to impaired gas exchange.

💎 Smoking is the major risk factor.

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Answer 7

Correct Answers:

Tachycardia

Rationale :

🔷 In diabetes insipidus, loss of ADH causes excessive water loss (polyuria) and dehydration, leading to low blood volume.

🔷 To compensate, the heart rate increases (tachycardia) to maintain perfusion.

🔷 Other signs include polydipsia, dry mucous membranes, and hypotension.

🔷 Prompt fluid replacement is crucial.

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Answer 8

Correct Answers:

Reduced serum nitrogen and calcium in the blood

Rationale :

💠 Immobility leads to disuse of muscles, reducing protein synthesis and muscle tone.

💠 Over time, this causes atrophy, or wasting of muscle tissue.

💠 It decreases strength, flexibility, and endurance.

💠 Prevention includes ROM exercises and early mobilization.

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Answer 9

Correct Answers:

Hypoxia

Rationale :

💎 During an acute asthma attack, airway constriction and mucus buildup cause impaired gas exchange, leading to low oxygen levels (hypoxia).

💎 Hypoxia is life-threatening and requires immediate oxygen therapy and bronchodilators.

💎 Other symptoms—fatigue or tachycardia—are secondary to poor oxygenation.

💎 Continuous SpO₂ monitoring is vital.

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Answer 10

Correct Answers:

Increased anterior to posterior chest size
Increased shortness of breath
Decreased lung sounds

Rationale :

✅ Increased anterior to posterior chest size

💎 In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic air trapping leads to hyperinflation of the lungs.

💎 Over time, this causes the chest to expand in all directions, resulting in the characteristic “barrel chest” appearance — an increased anterior-to-posterior (A–P) diameter.

💎 This structural change reduces the elastic recoil of the lungs, making exhalation more difficult and leading to airflow obstruction.

💎 Barrel chest is a classic physical finding in emphysema, one of the major types of COPD.

✅ Increased shortness of breath

🔷 Dyspnea (shortness of breath) is the most common symptom of COPD and occurs due to airflow limitation and reduced gas exchange.

🔷 As alveolar walls are destroyed and mucus blocks the bronchioles, the patient struggles to exhale fully, trapping carbon dioxide.

🔷 This leads to a sensation of breathlessness, even during rest or minimal activity.

🔷 Patients often use pursed-lip breathing to prolong exhalation and reduce air trapping.

✅ Decreased lung sounds

💠 With chronic airflow obstruction, the lungs become hyperinflated and filled with trapped air, reducing the movement of air in and out.

💠 This results in diminished or distant breath sounds upon auscultation.

💠 The reduced airflow also limits the transmission of normal breath sounds, especially in the lower lobes.

💠 In advanced COPD, wheezes or crackles may also be heard due to mucus accumulation and narrowed airways.

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W8 NR283 Exam 3

No.

1 :
What condition(s) occur when insufficient antidiuretic hormone is secreted? Select all that apply.

2 :
What is a complication of prolonged immobility?

3 :
What is a complication of prolonged immobility?

4 :
What type of pneumonia occurs when food gets caught in the lung, causing bacterial growth?

5 :
What is a risk factor for developing osteoporosis?

6 :
Which manifestations are expected for a client with chronic bronchitis?

7 :
What manifestation is expected with diabetes insipidus?

8 :
What pathophysiologic process occurs when a person is immobile for a prolonged period of time?

9 :
During an acute asthma exacerbation, what manifestation is most concerning?

10 :
What manifestation(s) are associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Select all that apply.

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W8 NR283 Exam 3

No.

1 : What condition(s) occur when insufficient antidiuretic hormone is secreted? Select all that apply.

2 : What is a complication of prolonged immobility?

3 : What is a complication of prolonged immobility?

4 : What type of pneumonia occurs when food gets caught in the lung, causing bacterial growth?

5 : What is a risk factor for developing osteoporosis?

6 : Which manifestations are expected for a client with chronic bronchitis?

7 : What manifestation is expected with diabetes insipidus?

8 : What pathophysiologic process occurs when a person is immobile for a prolonged period of time?

9 : During an acute asthma exacerbation, what manifestation is most concerning?

10 : What manifestation(s) are associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Select all that apply.

1 :
What condition(s) occur when insufficient antidiuretic hormone is secreted? Select all that apply.

2 :
What is a complication of prolonged immobility?

3 :
What is a complication of prolonged immobility?

4 :
What type of pneumonia occurs when food gets caught in the lung, causing bacterial growth?

5 :
What is a risk factor for developing osteoporosis?

6 :
Which manifestations are expected for a client with chronic bronchitis?

7 :
What manifestation is expected with diabetes insipidus?

8 :
What pathophysiologic process occurs when a person is immobile for a prolonged period of time?

9 :
During an acute asthma exacerbation, what manifestation is most concerning?

10 :
What manifestation(s) are associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Select all that apply.