Question

Which of the following types of hepatitis may be contracted through blood? select one

Answer 1

Correct Answers:

Hepatitis B & Hepatitis C

Rationale :

💎 Hepatitis B and C are both bloodborne viral infections, transmitted through contact with infected blood, sexual contact, or perinatal exposure.

💎 Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can survive outside the body for several days and is often spread via contaminated needles or unprotected sex.

💎 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) primarily spreads through blood transfusions, needle sharing, or unsanitary medical procedures.

💎 In contrast, Hepatitis A is transmitted via the fecal–oral route, not bloodborne.

💎 Chronic infection is more common with HBV and HCV, leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Distractor Analysis :

Rationale for Incorrect Options to be Available Soon

Answer 2

Correct Answers:

Decrease Insulin & Decrease Amylin

Rationale :

💎 Type II Diabetes Mellitus initially shows insulin resistance, followed by beta-cell exhaustion or burnout due to chronic overstimulation.

💎 Late-stage disease leads to decreased insulin secretion and a parallel decrease in amylin, a peptide co-secreted with insulin.

💎 Amylin normally slows gastric emptying and suppresses glucagon; its loss worsens glucose control.

💎 The absence of both hormones contributes to hyperglycemia and poor metabolic control.

Distractor Analysis :

Rationale for Incorrect Options to be Available Soon

Answer 3

Correct Answers:

Testicular Torsion

Rationale :

💎 Testicular torsion is a urologic emergency where the spermatic cord twists, cutting off blood flow to the testis.

💎 Classic findings include sudden, severe unilateral pain, nausea/vomiting, absent cremasteric reflex, and high-riding, firm testicle.

💎 Negative Phren’s sign (pain not relieved by elevation) helps distinguish it from epididymitis/orchitis, which improves with elevation.

💎 Immediate surgical detorsion is required to save testicular viability—ideally within 6 hours.

Distractor Analysis :

Rationale for Incorrect Options to be Available Soon

Answer 4

Correct Answers:

MRI of the CNS

Rationale :

💎 Symptoms of blurry/double vision, limb weakness, clumsiness, and electrical sensations point to Multiple Sclerosis (MS).

💎 MRI of the brain and spinal cord is the diagnostic gold standard, showing white matter demyelinating plaques.

💎 Lhermitte’s sign (electrical sensation down the spine) and optic neuritis are classic features.

💎 This autoimmune condition causes intermittent neurological deficits that vary over time and location.

Distractor Analysis :

Rationale for Incorrect Options to be Available Soon

Answer 5

Correct Answers:

Schizophrenia

Rationale :

💎 Key features include delusions (false beliefs), disorganized thinking, social withdrawal, and poor academic performance over >6 months.

💎 The report of a TV reporter sending her secret messages shows a persecutory delusion—a hallmark of schizophrenia.

💎 Symptoms reflect dopamine dysregulation in the mesolimbic pathway.

💎 Schizophrenia typically presents in late adolescence to early adulthood, with gradual functional decline.

Distractor Analysis :

Rationale for Incorrect Options to be Available Soon

Answer 6

Correct Answers:

Meniere's Disease

Rationale :

💎 Meniere’s disease is caused by excess endolymphatic fluid in the inner ear, leading to increased pressure within the labyrinth.

💎 Classic symptoms include the triad of vertigo (spinning sensation), tinnitus (ringing in the ear), and sensorineural hearing loss—often unilateral.

💎 The patient’s ringing sound, dizziness, and ear pressure directly correspond to this condition.

💎 Management involves a low-sodium diet, diuretics, and avoiding caffeine/alcohol to reduce fluid buildup.

Distractor Analysis :

Rationale for Incorrect Options to be Available Soon

Answer 7

Correct Answers:

Pituitary Gland

Rationale :

💎 The combination of galactorrhea (nipple discharge), headaches, and bitemporal vision loss suggests a pituitary tumor—most likely a prolactinoma.

💎 The pituitary gland secretes prolactin, which stimulates milk production; overproduction leads to milky discharge in both men and women.

💎 Compression of the optic chiasm by an enlarged gland causes peripheral vision loss.

💎 Diagnosis is confirmed by MRI of the brain and elevated serum prolactin levels.

Distractor Analysis :

Rationale for Incorrect Options to be Available Soon

Answer 8

Correct Answers:

Constipation, decreased heat rate, and lethargy

Rationale :

💎 Hypothyroidism results from decreased thyroid hormone (T3/T4) production, slowing the body’s metabolism.

💎 Common symptoms include fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain, bradycardia, constipation, dry skin, and lethargy.

💎 It may develop from Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, iodine deficiency, or post-thyroidectomy.

💎 Myxedema can occur in severe cases, causing facial puffiness and coarse skin.

Distractor Analysis :

Rationale for Incorrect Options to be Available Soon

Answer 9

Correct Answers:

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Rationale :

💎 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene.

💎 It leads to progressive muscle weakness starting in early childhood—particularly affecting the pelvic and shoulder muscles.

💎 Gower’s sign, where the child uses hands to “walk up” the thighs to stand, is a classic hallmark.

💎 Other findings: calf pseudohypertrophy and elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels.

Distractor Analysis :

Rationale for Incorrect Options to be Available Soon

Answer 10

Correct Answers:

Acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis

Rationale :

💎 This condition typically follows a Group A β-hemolytic Streptococcal (GAS) throat infection by about 1–3 weeks. The immune response to the infection forms antigen–antibody complexes that deposit in the glomeruli, causing inflammation and decreased filtration.

💎 Clinical manifestations include dark (“tea” or “Coca-Cola”) colored urine, proteinuria, periorbital and peripheral edema, and hypertension.

💎 It is common in children, and urinalysis confirms RBCs and protein presence.

💎 Management focuses on antibiotic therapy for any remaining infection, monitoring renal function, and controlling blood pressure.

Distractor Analysis :

Rationale for Incorrect Options to be Available Soon

GCU-Pathophysiology Final Exam-FALL 2025

No.

1 :
Which of the following types of hepatitis may be contracted through blood? select one

2 :
In late-stage Type II Diabetes Mellitus due to beta cell dysfunction (islet cell burnout), which of the following hormone imbalances would be seen? Select one

8 :
What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?

Connect With Us

GCU-Pathophysiology Final Exam-FALL 2025

No.

1 : Which of the following types of hepatitis may be contracted through blood? select one

2 : In late-stage Type II Diabetes Mellitus due to beta cell dysfunction (islet cell burnout), which of the following hormone imbalances would be seen? Select one

8 : What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?

1 :
Which of the following types of hepatitis may be contracted through blood? select one

2 :
In late-stage Type II Diabetes Mellitus due to beta cell dysfunction (islet cell burnout), which of the following hormone imbalances would be seen? Select one

8 :
What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?