Question

A nurse is caring for an older resident in the long-term care facility who is experiencing diarrhea. The nurse is reinforcing the teaching plan. Which of the following should be included?

Answer 1

Correct Answers:

Drink fluids that are rich in electrolytes.

Rationale :

🔷 Diarrhea causes fluid and electrolyte loss, making electrolyte-rich fluids essential to prevent dehydration.

🔷 Older adults have reduced thirst mechanisms, increasing risk for hypovolemia, so electrolyte replacement is critical.

🔷 Replenishing sodium, potassium, and chloride prevents imbalances that can lead to confusion, arrhythmias, or weakness.

🔷 Oral rehydration solutions help restore GI function while protecting against complications.

🔷 This is the safest, evidence-based recommendation for managing diarrhea in older clients.

Increase physical activity

🔷 Increasing activity may worsen fatigue and dehydration during diarrhea.

🔷 Activity should be reduced until hydration improves.

Encourage fruits/vegetables/whole grains

🔷 High-fiber foods increase stool bulk, worsening diarrhea.

🔷 Fiber should be reduced temporarily until symptoms resolve.

Recommend daily laxative

🔷 Laxatives worsen diarrhea and can cause severe dehydration.

🔷 They should be avoided in clients with loose stools.

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Answer 2

Correct Answers:

Reduction in hot flashes

Rationale :

🟢 Estrogen therapy reduces vasomotor symptoms, especially hot flashes, making this the primary sign of effectiveness.

🟢 Hot flashes occur due to decreased estrogen levels and improve when hormone levels are restored.

🟢 This cue directly reflects therapeutic action rather than a side effect or risk.

🟢 Reducing hot flashes improves sleep, comfort, and daily functioning.

🟢 This is the most reliable and immediate indicator that estrogen therapy is working.

Breast tenderness

🟢 Breast tenderness is a side effect, not a sign the medication is effective.

🟢 It does not reflect therapeutic outcome.

Improvement in bone density

🟢 Bone density improvement occurs long-term, not an early indicator of effectiveness.

🟢 It is not used for immediate evaluation of therapy.

Increased risk of blood clots

🟢 This is a serious adverse effect, not a desired therapeutic outcome.

🟢 Indicates risk, not effectiveness.

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Answer 3

Correct Answers:

"This medication will help restore healthy bacteria in my digestive system."

Rationale :

🔵 Probiotics contain beneficial microorganisms that help rebuild normal gut flora.

🔵 They are useful after antibiotics or GI illness that disrupt the intestinal microbiome.

🔵 Restoring healthy bacteria improves digestion, immunity, and GI balance.

🔵 Probiotics reduce symptoms of diarrhea, bloating, and constipation by improving flora diversity.

🔵 This is the accurate purpose and reflects correct client understanding.

Stop my stomach from producing acid.

🔵 Acid production is affected by PPIs or H2 blockers, not probiotics.

🔵 Probiotics do not act on stomach acid.

Prevent me from ever getting diarrhea again.

🔵 Probiotics reduce frequency but cannot prevent all diarrhea episodes.

🔵 This statement shows unrealistic expectations.

Destroy all bacteria in my intestines.

🔵 Destroying bacteria is the role of antibiotics, not probiotics.

🔵 Eliminating intestinal bacteria is unsafe and untrue.

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Answer 4

Correct Answers:

Voice deepening and facial hair growth.

Rationale :

🟣 These are signs of virilization, a serious androgen-related adverse effect.

🟣 Androgens can cause irreversible masculinizing effects, making early reporting essential.

🟣 These symptoms indicate hormonal excess and require dosage review or discontinuation.

🟣 Virilization includes clitoral enlargement, alopecia, or severe acne—requiring provider notification.

🟣 Recognizing these effects protects the client from permanent changes.

Increased energy & appetite

🟣 These are mild and not dangerous; they do not require immediate reporting.

🟣 Not considered serious adverse reactions.

Mild acne

🟣 Acne can occur with androgens but is not serious unless severe or worsening.

🟣 It does not require immediate intervention.

Occasional mood swings

🟣 Mood changes may occur but are not signs of severe virilization.

🟣 Not a priority to report unless extreme.

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Answer 5

Correct Answers:

Ovaries

Rationale :

💠 The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, the primary female reproductive hormones.

💠 These hormones regulate menstrual cycle, ovulation, and pregnancy.

💠 Ovarian hormone production supports bone health, metabolism, and secondary sex characteristics.

💠 This is the major endocrine function of the ovaries throughout reproductive years.

💠 After menopause, ovarian hormone levels drop, leading to hormonal symptoms.

Thyroid

💠 The thyroid produces T3 and T4, not reproductive hormones.

💠 Unrelated to estrogen or progesterone.

Adrenal gland

💠 Adrenals produce cortisol, aldosterone, and small amounts of androgens.

💠 Not the primary source of estrogen or progesterone.

Testes

💠 Testes produce testosterone, not female reproductive hormones.

💠 Not involved in estrogen/progesterone production.

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Answer 6

Correct Answers:

Notify the provider of possible bowel obstruction

Rationale :

🔷 Severe abdominal pain with no bowel movement suggests a possible bowel obstruction, a medical emergency.

🔷 Lubiprostone should not be administered when obstruction is suspected because it increases intestinal fluid secretion and can worsen the condition.

🔷 The priority is to stop the medication and obtain a provider evaluation before complications occur.

🔷 Obstruction may require imaging, NPO status, or surgical intervention—requiring immediate notification.

🔷 Failure to act promptly risks perforation, ischemia, or worsening abdominal pathology.

Encourage fluid intake

🔷 Fluids do not resolve obstruction and may delay urgent assessment.

🔷 Hydration does not address the underlying emergency.

Administer the dose with food

🔷 Lubiprostone is contraindicated with suspected obstruction; administering it is unsafe.

🔷 Giving medication may worsen pain and pressure.

Ambulate the client

🔷 Ambulation helps mild constipation but is unsafe when obstruction is suspected.

🔷 Could worsen pain and delay appropriate care.

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Answer 7

Correct Answers:

"The medication is used to promote normal bacterial growth in the intestines."

Rationale :

🟢 Probiotics such as lactobacillus help restore healthy gut bacteria, especially after diarrhea or antibiotic use.

🟢 They rebalance the GI microbiome, improving digestion and reducing inflammation.

🟢 Restoring flora helps reduce frequency of diarrhea episodes and promotes intestinal healing.

🟢 They work in the GI tract—not systemically—to support bacterial equilibrium.

🟢 This is the correct therapeutic purpose and reflects accurate client understanding.

Acts as a cholinergic

🟢 Probiotics do not stimulate cholinergic receptors; they do not draw fluid into the intestine.

🟢 This describes a different medication class.

Reduces peristalsis systemically

🟢 Probiotics have no systemic motility effects.

🟢 Antidiarrheals, not probiotics, reduce GI peristalsis.

Draws fluid from intestines

🟢 This is incorrect—this action would worsen dehydration

🟢 Not a mechanism of probiotic

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Answer 8

Correct Answers:

An osmotic laxative suppository

Rationale :

🔵 Suppositories act directly in the rectum, producing the fastest onset among all listed options.

🔵 Rectal administration bypasses the upper GI tract, giving rapid relief—often within 15–30 minutes.

🔵 Osmotic suppositories draw fluid into the rectum, causing quick stool softening and evacuation.

🔵 They are ideal for clients needing immediate relief from constipation.

🔵 Oral osmotic, stool softeners, and oral saline agents require longer GI transit and absorb more slowly.

Stool softener

🔵 Stool softeners work slowly—1 to 3 days.

🔵 Not appropriate for urgent relief.

Saline laxative orally

🔵 Fast for an oral agent but still slower than a suppository.

🔵 Requires GI transit time to the colon.

Osmotic laxative orally

🔵 Takes hours to produce effect—not immediate.

🔵 Slower than rectal forms.

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Answer 9

Correct Answers

Estrogen and progesterone together help reduce the risk of osteoporosis. [ True ]
Estrogen therapy increases the risk of blood clot formation. [ True ]
Hormone replacement therapy is recommended for those with a history of breast cancer. [ False ]
Progesterone alone can effectively manage hot flashes. [ False ]

Rationale :

Estrogen + progesterone reduce osteoporosis → TRUE

🟣 Combined HRT slows bone loss by replacing estrogen, which maintains bone density.

🟣 It reduces fracture risk in menopausal clients.

🟣 Estrogen works directly on osteoblasts to maintain bone strength.

🟣 Progesterone balances estrogen effects to allow safe therapy.

🟣 This combination is well-documented in preventing osteoporosis progression.

Estrogen increases clot risk → TRUE

🟣 Estrogen increases hepatic clotting factor production, raising risk for DVT, PE, and stroke.

🟣 This is a known adverse effect requiring risk assessment.

🟣 Smokers, immobile clients, and those with clot history are at highest risk.

🟣 Providers must weigh risks vs benefits before prescribing.

🟣 Monitoring for leg pain, swelling, and chest pain is essential.

HRT recommended for breast cancer history → FALSE

🟣 Estrogen can stimulate breast tissue and worsen estrogen-receptor positive cancers.

🟣 HRT is contraindicated in clients with breast cancer history.

🟣 Safer options include nonhormonal therapies for symptoms.

🟣 Risk of recurrence outweighs benefits.

🟣 Oncology guidelines advise against HRT in this population.

Progesterone alone treats hot flashes → FALSE

🟣 Hot flashes are relieved primarily by estrogen, not progesterone.

🟣 Progesterone alone does not improve vasomotor symptoms.

🟣 It is given to protect the uterus when estrogen is prescribed.

🟣 Progesterone has minimal effect on temperature regulation.

🟣 It is not a treatment for menopause symptoms on its own.

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Answer 10

Correct Answers:

83

Rationale :

🔷Order: Vancomycin 1 g in 250 mL

🔷 Infusion time: 3 hours

Calculation:

🔷250 mL ÷ 3 hr = 83.33 mL/hr

🔷 Round to nearest whole number = 83 mL/hr

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Test	0800	1200	Reference Range
FSH	40 IU/L	42 IU/L	4–30 IU/L
Estradiol	25 pg/mL	22 pg/mL	30–400 pg/mL
Progesterone	0.5 ng/mL	0.4 ng/mL	1–28 ng/mL

options	True	False
Estrogen and progesterone together help reduce the risk of osteoporosis.
Estrogen therapy increases the risk of blood clot formation.
Hormone replacement therapy is recommended for those with a history of breast cancer.
Progesterone alone can effectively manage hot flashes.

Custom LPN Pharmacology III NSG 2410 Exam 2 Fall 2025

No.

1 :
A nurse is caring for an older resident in the long-term care facility who is experiencing diarrhea. The nurse is reinforcing the teaching plan. Which of the following should be included?

2 :
A nurse is assessing a client who has been prescribed estrogen therapy for postmenopausal symptoms. Which client cue should indicate the effectiveness of the medication?

3 :
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who is starting a probiotic supplement. Which statement by the client indicates understanding of the purpose of the medication?

5 :
The nurse is educating a client about estrogen and progesterone. Where does the nurse note these hormones are produced?

6 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has chronic idiopathic constipation and is prescribed lubiprostone. The client reports severe abdominal pain and has not had a bowel movement in 3 days. Which action should the nurse take?

7 :
A client has been admitted to the hospital with chronic diarrhea and dehydration. She was started on lactobacillus acidophilus, a probiotic, and asked the nurse why she is taking the medication. Which of the following is the most appropriate response by the nurse?

8 :
Which of the following medications will work the fastest to evacuate the bowels and relieve constipation?

9 :
A nurse is caring for a client in a women's health clinic.

Correct Answers

10 :
The provider has ordered Vancomycin 1G IV every 12 hours. The pharmacy has 1G in 250 mL bags on hand. If the infusion should run over 3 hours, at what rate should the nurse set the IV pump? Round to the nearest whole number.

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Custom LPN Pharmacology III NSG 2410 Exam 2 Fall 2025

No.

1 : A nurse is caring for an older resident in the long-term care facility who is experiencing diarrhea. The nurse is reinforcing the teaching plan. Which of the following should be included?

2 : A nurse is assessing a client who has been prescribed estrogen therapy for postmenopausal symptoms. Which client cue should indicate the effectiveness of the medication?

3 : A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who is starting a probiotic supplement. Which statement by the client indicates understanding of the purpose of the medication?

5 : The nurse is educating a client about estrogen and progesterone. Where does the nurse note these hormones are produced?

6 : A nurse is caring for a client who has chronic idiopathic constipation and is prescribed lubiprostone. The client reports severe abdominal pain and has not had a bowel movement in 3 days. Which action should the nurse take?

7 : A client has been admitted to the hospital with chronic diarrhea and dehydration. She was started on lactobacillus acidophilus, a probiotic, and asked the nurse why she is taking the medication. Which of the following is the most appropriate response by the nurse?

8 : Which of the following medications will work the fastest to evacuate the bowels and relieve constipation?

9 : A nurse is caring for a client in a women's health clinic.

Correct Answers

10 : The provider has ordered Vancomycin 1G IV every 12 hours. The pharmacy has 1G in 250 mL bags on hand. If the infusion should run over 3 hours, at what rate should the nurse set the IV pump? Round to the nearest whole number.

1 :
A nurse is caring for an older resident in the long-term care facility who is experiencing diarrhea. The nurse is reinforcing the teaching plan. Which of the following should be included?

2 :
A nurse is assessing a client who has been prescribed estrogen therapy for postmenopausal symptoms. Which client cue should indicate the effectiveness of the medication?

3 :
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who is starting a probiotic supplement. Which statement by the client indicates understanding of the purpose of the medication?

5 :
The nurse is educating a client about estrogen and progesterone. Where does the nurse note these hormones are produced?

6 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has chronic idiopathic constipation and is prescribed lubiprostone. The client reports severe abdominal pain and has not had a bowel movement in 3 days. Which action should the nurse take?

7 :
A client has been admitted to the hospital with chronic diarrhea and dehydration. She was started on lactobacillus acidophilus, a probiotic, and asked the nurse why she is taking the medication. Which of the following is the most appropriate response by the nurse?

8 :
Which of the following medications will work the fastest to evacuate the bowels and relieve constipation?

9 :
A nurse is caring for a client in a women's health clinic.

10 :
The provider has ordered Vancomycin 1G IV every 12 hours. The pharmacy has 1G in 250 mL bags on hand. If the infusion should run over 3 hours, at what rate should the nurse set the IV pump? Round to the nearest whole number.