Question

A nurse is preparing to administer medications to a female client.

Answer 1

Correct Answers

Blank 1 Correct Option: Furosemide
Blank 2 Correct Option: potassium level

Rationale :

💎 Furosemide is a loop diuretic that promotes the excretion of sodium, chloride, and water by inhibiting reabsorption in the loop of Henle. While it effectively reduces hypertension and edema, it also causes potassium loss, leading to hypokalemia.

💎 In this client, the potassium level dropped from 3.4 mEq/L (borderline low) to 2.8 mEq/L, which is below the normal range (3.5–5.0 mEq/L). This significant drop indicates severe hypokalemia, which can cause life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, and respiratory compromise.

💎 Before administering the next dose of furosemide, the nurse must notify the provider because continuing the medication could further worsen potassium loss. The provider may order a potassium supplement adjustment, switch to a potassium-sparing diuretic (e.g., spironolactone), or temporarily hold furosemide.

💎 The nurse should also monitor ECG changes (e.g., flattened T waves, presence of U waves) and educate the client about consuming potassium-rich foods such as bananas, oranges, and spinach if not contraindicated.

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Answer 2

Correct Answers:

Blood pressure change from 118/78 mm Hg to 86/50 mm Hg

Rationale :

💎 A sudden drop in blood pressure from 118/78 mm Hg to 86/50 mm Hg is the most critical and life-threatening change because it indicates hypotension and possible circulatory collapse. This can compromise tissue perfusion, leading to shock, organ failure, or cardiac arrest if not addressed promptly.

💎 While a fever (38.8 °C) is significant and suggests infection, it does not immediately threaten circulation like a sharp blood pressure decline does.

💎 The heart rate decrease from 110 to 68 may reflect improvement or rest, and a respiratory rate increase from 12 to 20 remains within the normal range (12–20/min).

💎 The nurse’s priority action is to reassess the blood pressure for accuracy, place the client in a supine position with legs elevated (if tolerated), and notify the provider immediately while monitoring for other signs of shock (e.g., tachycardia, cool clammy skin, decreased urine output).

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Answer 3

Correct Answers:

"You will need to record daily activities in a diary."

Rationale :

💎 A Holter monitor is a portable ECG device that continuously records the heart’s electrical activity for 24 hours to detect intermittent dysrhythmias or cardiac abnormalities during normal daily activities.

💎 The client should be instructed to keep a diary or log of activities, symptoms (such as chest pain, palpitations, or dizziness), emotional stress, and medication times. This helps the healthcare provider correlate ECG changes with the client’s activities and symptoms for accurate interpretation.

💎 The electrodes and monitor should not be removed during the 24-hour period, including while sleeping, as this would interrupt the continuous recording.

💎 Bathing, showering, or swimming is not allowed while wearing the Holter monitor because moisture can damage the device or loosen electrodes. Normal sexual activity may continue unless otherwise instructed.

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Answer 4

Correct Answers:

Client verbal report
Potassium level
Prescription for digoxin

Rationale :

🔷 Client verbal report (diarrhea, dry mouth, unusual thirst × 3 days)

📌Why to hold: These symptoms indicate volume depletion/dehydration. Giving a loop diuretic (furosemide) now can precipitate hypotension, prerenal azotemia/AKI, electrolyte losses, and dizziness/syncope.

📌What to do: Hold furosemide and notify the provider. Assess orthostatic vitals, mucous membranes, weight trends, and urine output. Consider IV/oral fluid replacement per orders and recheck basic metabolic panel.

📌Safety focus: Dehydration + loop diuretic = high risk of hemodynamic instability and renal hypoperfusion.

🔷 Potassium level (3.2 mEq/L) — hypokalemia

📌Why to hold: Furosemide promotes renal K⁺ wasting, which would worsen hypokalemia (already 3.2). Hypokalemia raises risk for ventricular dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, and digoxin toxicity.

📌What to do: Hold furosemide and obtain orders for potassium repletion (PO/IV per protocol), ECG monitoring (look for flattened T waves, U waves), and repeat labs after repletion.

📌Longer-term: Consider adding a K⁺-sparing agent (e.g., spironolactone) or increasing scheduled KCl if appropriate for HF plan.

🔷 Prescription for digoxin (0.125 mg daily)

📌Why to hold: Digoxin toxicity risk increases markedly in hypokalemia because low K⁺ enhances digoxin binding to Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase. Starting/continuing a loop diuretic in a patient on digoxin with K⁺ 3.2 can trigger arrhythmias, nausea, visual changes, and brady/tachydysrhythmias.

📌What to do: Hold furosemide, correct K⁺ first, consider checking a digoxin level and renal function, and monitor rhythm. Coordinate with the provider on sequencing meds (e.g., replete K⁺ → reassess → resume diuretic).

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Answer 5

Correct Answers:

3750

Rationale :

Calculation:

165 ÷ 2.2 = 75 kg

75 × 50 = 3,750 units

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Answer 6

Correct Answers:

Cardiac enzymes
Admitting diagnosis
ECG
Blood pressure

Rationale :

🔷 Cardiac enzymes

📌Explanation: Elevated cardiac enzymes confirm recent myocardial damage (within the past 48 hours).

📌Why contraindicated: Amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), can cause cardiotoxic effects—including arrhythmias, conduction delays, and orthostatic hypotension. Giving it soon after an acute MI can worsen ischemia and provoke ventricular dysrhythmias.

📌Nursing action: Hold medication and notify the provider to consider safer antidepressants like SSRIs (e.g., sertraline) for post-MI depression.

🔷 Admitting diagnosis (Acute MI 48 hr ago)

📌Explanation: A recent myocardial infarction is a direct contraindication for TCAs.

📌Why contraindicated: TCAs cause anticholinergic effects and cardiac conduction slowing, which can lead to recurrent ischemia or cardiac arrest in unstable cardiac tissue post-MI.

📌Nursing action: Verify with the provider before administration and monitor for chest pain, palpitations, or ECG changes.

🔷 ECG findings (Acute anterior MI)

📌Explanation: The ECG shows ongoing ischemic changes, indicating myocardial irritability.

📌Why contraindicated: Amitriptyline can prolong PR, QRS, and QT intervals, worsening conduction abnormalities in damaged cardiac tissue.

📌Nursing action: Report ECG findings and avoid administering medications that depress myocardial conduction.

🔷 Blood pressure (98/50 mm Hg)

📌Explanation: The client already has borderline hypotension.

📌Why contraindicated: Amitriptyline commonly causes orthostatic hypotension due to alpha-adrenergic blockade, increasing the risk of syncope and falls.

📌Nursing action: Hold medication, assess for dizziness, weakness, and review the client’s cardiac medications (e.g., diltiazem) that further lower BP.

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Answer 7

Correct Answers:

Run cool water over the affected area
Administer ibuprofen for pain
Maintain skin integrity over the blisters.

Rationale :

💎 Run cool water over the affected area

🔹 Running cool (not cold) water over the burn for 10–20 minutes helps stop the burning process and ease discomfort.

🔹 It helps dissipate retained heat in the skin layers, preventing the injury from worsening.

🔹 The nurse should avoid using ice, as it can cause vasoconstriction and lead to deeper tissue injury.

🔹 This is the first step in minor burn care, as it stabilizes tissue temperature.

🔹 After cooling, the area should be gently patted dry and assessed for any blistering or damage.

💎 Administer ibuprofen for pain

🔹 Ibuprofen is an NSAID that reduces pain, swelling, and inflammation caused by the burn.

🔹 It provides systemic relief while minimizing the local inflammatory response.

🔹 The nurse should assess for contraindications such as renal impairment or gastrointestinal bleeding.

🔹 Adequate pain control promotes comfort and rest, supporting natural healing.

🔹 Analgesic administration is an essential part of minor burn management to prevent distress.

💎 Maintain skin integrity over the blisters

🔹 Do not pop or remove blisters, as the intact skin protects against infection.

🔹 The blister covering acts as a biological dressing, keeping underlying tissues sterile and moist.

🔹 The nurse should apply a non-adherent sterile dressing if needed to protect the area.

🔹 Disruption of the blister increases the risk of bacterial contamination and delayed healing.

🔹 The nurse should monitor for signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or drainage.

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Answer 8

Correct Answers:

Weight

Rationale :

💠 Weight

🔹 A 2 kg (4.4 lb) weight gain in 24 hours indicates acute fluid retention, which is a key sign of worsening heart failure and fluid overload.

🔹 The heart’s ejection fraction (45%) and elevated BNP level (520 pg/mL) confirm that the client already has decreased cardiac function, meaning the heart cannot effectively pump blood, causing fluid accumulation.

🔹 This rapid increase in weight reflects retention of fluid in the interstitial and vascular spaces, not fat gain.

🔹 The nurse should report this immediately because it may signal the need for medication adjustments (such as diuretics) or hospitalization to prevent pulmonary edema.

🔹 Ongoing monitoring of daily weights, intake, and output helps evaluate the effectiveness of heart failure management and detect exacerbations early.

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Answer 9

Correct Answers:

Instruct the client to tilt his head forward when swallowing.

Rationale :

🔹 Tilting the head forward (chin-tuck position) helps protect the airway by closing the epiglottis more effectively, preventing aspiration of food or liquid into the lungs.

🔹 This position also slows the movement of food through the pharynx, giving the client more control over the swallow and improving coordination between breathing and swallowing.

🔹 It is particularly important for clients with dysphagia after a stroke, as their neurological deficits can weaken tongue and pharyngeal muscles, increasing the aspiration risk.

🔹 The nurse should also ensure the client is in a high-Fowler’s position during meals and remains upright for 30 minutes after eating.

🔹 Collaboration with a speech-language pathologist (SLP) is essential for individualized swallowing strategies and dietary modifications to ensure safe nutrition intake.

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Answer 10

Correct Answers:

Allergy history
Prescription for furosemide

Rationale :

💠 Allergy history

🔹 Cefazolin is a first-generation cephalosporin, which has a chemical structure similar to penicillin. Clients with a severe penicillin allergy are at risk for a cross-sensitivity reaction when given cephalosporins.

🔹 This cross-reactivity can lead to life-threatening anaphylaxis, presenting as dyspnea, rash, hypotension, or angioedema.

🔹 Before administering cefazolin, the nurse must always review the client’s allergy history and notify the provider of any penicillin allergy.

🔹 Alternative antibiotics such as clindamycin or vancomycin may be prescribed in such cases.

🔹 This precaution ensures client safety and prevents potentially fatal hypersensitivity reactions.

💠 Prescription for furosemide

🔹 Furosemide and cephalosporins like cefazolin can both cause nephrotoxicity, especially when used concurrently.

🔹 Clients with hypertension or gout, like this patient, may already have compromised renal function, increasing the risk of kidney injury.

🔹 The nurse should monitor serum creatinine and BUN levels, assess for signs of decreased urine output, and report any changes to the provider.

🔹 The provider may choose a non-nephrotoxic alternative or adjust the antibiotic dose to reduce renal strain.

🔹 This highlights the importance of reviewing drug interactions before initiating new prescriptions.

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PN Adult Medical Surgical 2023 Exam

No.

1 :
A nurse is preparing to administer medications to a female client.

Correct Answers

2 :
A nurse is reviewing vital signs obtained by an assistive personnel on a group of clients. The previous vital signs for each of the clients were obtained 4 hr earlier. Which of the following changes should the nurse identify as the priority finding?

3 :
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who will be wearing a Holter monitor for the next 24 hr. Which of the following information should the nurse include?

4 :
A nurse is assisting in the care of a male client who has a new prescription for furosemide.

Answer Options

6 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has a new prescription for amitriptyline.

Answer Options

7 :
A nurse is providing first aid for a client who has a minor burn on one hand. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? (Select all that apply.)

8 :
A nurse is collecting data from a client who has heart failure.

Answer Options

9 :
A nurse is caring for a client who had a stroke and is experiencing dysphagia. Which of the following actions should the nurse take when assisting the client to eat?

10 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has a new prescription for cefazolin.

Answer Options

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PN Adult Medical Surgical 2023 Exam

No.

1 : A nurse is preparing to administer medications to a female client.

Correct Answers

2 : A nurse is reviewing vital signs obtained by an assistive personnel on a group of clients. The previous vital signs for each of the clients were obtained 4 hr earlier. Which of the following changes should the nurse identify as the priority finding?

3 : A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who will be wearing a Holter monitor for the next 24 hr. Which of the following information should the nurse include?

4 : A nurse is assisting in the care of a male client who has a new prescription for furosemide.

Answer Options

6 : A nurse is caring for a client who has a new prescription for amitriptyline.

Answer Options

7 : A nurse is providing first aid for a client who has a minor burn on one hand. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? (Select all that apply.)

8 : A nurse is collecting data from a client who has heart failure.

Answer Options

9 : A nurse is caring for a client who had a stroke and is experiencing dysphagia. Which of the following actions should the nurse take when assisting the client to eat?

10 : A nurse is caring for a client who has a new prescription for cefazolin.

Answer Options

1 :
A nurse is preparing to administer medications to a female client.

2 :
A nurse is reviewing vital signs obtained by an assistive personnel on a group of clients. The previous vital signs for each of the clients were obtained 4 hr earlier. Which of the following changes should the nurse identify as the priority finding?

3 :
A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who will be wearing a Holter monitor for the next 24 hr. Which of the following information should the nurse include?

4 :
A nurse is assisting in the care of a male client who has a new prescription for furosemide.

6 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has a new prescription for amitriptyline.

7 :
A nurse is providing first aid for a client who has a minor burn on one hand. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? (Select all that apply.)

8 :
A nurse is collecting data from a client who has heart failure.

9 :
A nurse is caring for a client who had a stroke and is experiencing dysphagia. Which of the following actions should the nurse take when assisting the client to eat?

10 :
A nurse is caring for a client who has a new prescription for cefazolin.