Question

Which of the following may cause peptic ulcer disease?

Answer 1

Correct Answers:

Helicobacter pylori infection

Rationale :

💎 H. pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa and produces urease, generating ammonia that alkalinizes the microenvironment and disrupts mucosal defenses.

💎The organism triggers chronic inflammation (gastritis) and increases gastrin release, promoting acid secretion that contributes to gastric and duodenal ulcers.

💎Eradication of H. pylori (e.g., PPI + two antibiotics) significantly reduces ulcer recurrence, underscoring its causal role in peptic ulcer disease.

💎Diagnostic tests such as the urea breath test, stool antigen, or biopsy-based methods confirm active infection.

💎Recognizing H. pylori as a major etiology guides targeted therapy and long-term prevention of ulcer complications like bleeding and perforation.

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Answer 2

Correct Answers:

Homeostasis is a steady and dynamic state within the body

Rationale :

🔷Homeostasis refers to a dynamic equilibrium—internal conditions are kept within narrow ranges despite external changes.

🔷It is maintained by feedback mechanisms, primarily negative feedback (e.g., temperature, glucose, and pH regulation).

🔷The term emphasizes constancy through change, not stasis; variables fluctuate around set points to keep physiology stable.

🔷Key examples include insulin–glucagon balance, baroreceptor-mediated blood pressure control, and ventilatory regulation of CO₂.

🔷Understanding this concept helps nurses anticipate compensatory responses and identify when regulation fails (instability).

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Answer 3

Correct Answers:

Ventricles contract and blood is ejected from the heart

Rationale :

🔶Systole begins with ventricular contraction, raising pressure and closing the AV valves (S1).

🔶As pressure exceeds the aortic and pulmonary pressures, the semilunar valves open and stroke volume is ejected.

🔶The phase is governed by preload, afterload, and contractility, which determine ejection fraction and cardiac output.

🔶Systole ends when ventricular pressure falls below great vessel pressure, leading to semilunar valve closure (S2).

🔶Accurate identification of systole is essential when correlating heart sounds, pulses, and blood pressure dynamics.

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Answer 4

Correct Answers:

Left-sided facial droop

Rationale :

🟣A right cerebral hemisphere stroke typically causes contralateral (left-sided) motor and facial deficits due to corticospinal and corticobulbar tract crossing.

🟣Findings often include left hemiparesis, left facial droop, and left hemisensory loss.

🟣Right hemisphere injury commonly produces spatial–perceptual deficits, inattention/neglect of the left side, and impulsivity.

🟣Speech is often relatively spared unless there is atypical language lateralization, but prosody may be affected.

🟣Early recognition of a contralateral facial droop helps localize the lesion and expedite reperfusion decisions.

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Answer 5

Correct Answers:

Alcohol use

Rationale :

🟠Chronic alcohol exposure is a leading cause of chronic pancreatitis, driving toxic–metabolic injury and proteinaceous ductal plugs with calcifications.

🟠Repeated inflammation leads to fibrosis, progressive exocrine insufficiency (steatorrhea, malabsorption), and eventual endocrine failure (diabetes).

🟠Patients often report recurrent epigastric pain radiating to the back, weight loss, and fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies.

🟠Imaging may show pancreatic calcifications and ductal irregularities, consistent with long-standing alcohol-related damage.

🟠Management centers on alcohol cessation, pancreatic enzyme replacement, nutrition support, and pain control.

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Answer 6

Correct Answers:

Increased head size

Rationale :

🟢Acromegaly (excess growth hormone after epiphyseal closure) causes acral and craniofacial enlargement, including increased head size and frontal bossing.

🟢Patients develop coarse facial features, mandibular prognathism, macroglossia, and enlarged hands/feet.

🟢Soft-tissue overgrowth can deepen the voice, cause sleep apnea, and produce organomegaly (e.g., cardiomegaly).

🟢Metabolic effects include insulin resistance and elevated IGF-1, the key biomarker for diagnosis.

🟢Untreated disease increases cardiovascular risk; therapy targets the pituitary adenoma (surgery, medication, or radiation).

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Answer 7

Correct Answers:

The damaged kidney is unable to secrete erythropoietin

Rationale :

🔵In ESRD/CKD, the kidney’s peritubular interstitial cells fail to produce adequate erythropoietin (EPO).

🔵Low EPO leads to reduced bone marrow erythropoiesis, causing a normocytic, normochromic anemia.

🔵Consequences include fatigue, decreased exercise tolerance, and higher cardiovascular strain.

🔵Management often requires erythropoiesis-stimulating agents plus assessment of iron stores (ferritin, TSAT) and iron supplementation as needed.

🔵Correcting EPO deficiency improves quality of life and reduces transfusion requirements in CKD.

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Answer 8

Correct Answers:

7.35 to 7.45

Rationale :

✅Normal arterial blood pH is 7.35–7.45, reflecting tightly controlled acid–base homeostasis.

✅Deviations below 7.35 indicate acidemia, and above 7.45 indicate alkalemia, each with specific respiratory or metabolic etiologies.

✅Buffer systems (bicarbonate, proteins, phosphate) and renal and respiratory compensation maintain this range.

✅The Henderson–Hasselbalch relationship (HCO₃⁻/PaCO₂) explains the interplay between kidneys and lungs.

✅Sustained pH disturbances impair enzyme function, cardiac rhythm, and CNS activity, requiring prompt evaluation.

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Answer 9

Correct Answers:

Superficial bum

Rationale :

🌞 A superficial (first-degree) burn involves only the epidermis, as seen in most sunburns.

🌞Clinical features include erythema, tenderness, and dry skin without blisters; capillary refill is brisk.

🌞Healing is typically rapid (3–6 days) with no scarring, though transient desquamation may occur.

🌞Management focuses on cool compresses, oral analgesics, and hydration of the skin; topical antimicrobials are not usually required.

🌞Education targets UV protection (sunscreen, clothing, shade) to prevent deeper burns and photodamage.

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Answer 10

Correct Answers:

Jaundice

Rationale :

🟡Jaundice denotes yellow discoloration of tissues from elevated bilirubin, with scleral icterus being a classic early sign.

🟡Causes span prehepatic (hemolysis), intrahepatic (hepatocellular injury), and posthepatic (cholestasis/obstruction) mechanisms.

🟡Evaluation includes LFTs, fractionated bilirubin, and, when indicated, imaging for biliary obstruction.

🟡In the clinical context of abdominal distention and nausea, concomitant liver or biliary pathology should be considered.

🟡Prompt recognition guides appropriate workup and targeted management to prevent complications like cholestatic pruritus or coagulopathy.

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Patho FINAL NSG1520 Summer 2025 PGH SJC

No.

1 :
Which of the following may cause peptic ulcer disease?

2 :
When discussing homeostasis with nursing students, the instructor mentions that :

3 :
Which of the following describes the process of systole?

4 :
After assessing a patient with a cerebrovascular disorder, what assessment findings would indicate a stroke in the right cerebral hemisphere?

5 :
A nurse is completing a history and physical assessment for a client who has chronic pancreatitis. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a likely cause of the client's condition?

6 :
A nurse is assessing a client who has manifestations of acromegaly Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?

7 :
The nurse is caring for a patient with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). The patient has developed anemia. The nurse should teach the patient that the main reason anemia has developed includes which of the following reasons?

8 :
What is the reference range for pH of blood?

9 :
The nurse is caring for a patient with a severe sunburn. The burn has damaged the epidermal layer of the skin. The nurse will document the burn as which of the following?

10 :
A client presents to the clinic with complaints of abdominal distention and nausea. The nurse notices that the client's sclerae are yellow. What term is appropriate to use to document this finding?

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Patho FINAL NSG1520 Summer 2025 PGH SJC

No.

1 : Which of the following may cause peptic ulcer disease?

2 : When discussing homeostasis with nursing students, the instructor mentions that :

3 : Which of the following describes the process of systole?

4 : After assessing a patient with a cerebrovascular disorder, what assessment findings would indicate a stroke in the right cerebral hemisphere?

5 : A nurse is completing a history and physical assessment for a client who has chronic pancreatitis. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a likely cause of the client's condition?

6 : A nurse is assessing a client who has manifestations of acromegaly Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?

7 : The nurse is caring for a patient with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). The patient has developed anemia. The nurse should teach the patient that the main reason anemia has developed includes which of the following reasons?

8 : What is the reference range for pH of blood?

9 : The nurse is caring for a patient with a severe sunburn. The burn has damaged the epidermal layer of the skin. The nurse will document the burn as which of the following?

10 : A client presents to the clinic with complaints of abdominal distention and nausea. The nurse notices that the client's sclerae are yellow. What term is appropriate to use to document this finding?

1 :
Which of the following may cause peptic ulcer disease?

2 :
When discussing homeostasis with nursing students, the instructor mentions that :

3 :
Which of the following describes the process of systole?

4 :
After assessing a patient with a cerebrovascular disorder, what assessment findings would indicate a stroke in the right cerebral hemisphere?

5 :
A nurse is completing a history and physical assessment for a client who has chronic pancreatitis. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a likely cause of the client's condition?

6 :
A nurse is assessing a client who has manifestations of acromegaly Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?

7 :
The nurse is caring for a patient with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). The patient has developed anemia. The nurse should teach the patient that the main reason anemia has developed includes which of the following reasons?

8 :
What is the reference range for pH of blood?

9 :
The nurse is caring for a patient with a severe sunburn. The burn has damaged the epidermal layer of the skin. The nurse will document the burn as which of the following?

10 :
A client presents to the clinic with complaints of abdominal distention and nausea. The nurse notices that the client's sclerae are yellow. What term is appropriate to use to document this finding?