Question

A client is diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) but is showing no signs or symptoms of the disease. They have been told that their TB is latent. The client asks the nurse what this means. How would the nurse respond?

Answer 1

Correct Answers:

Latent means that the client's immune system has walled off the bacteria, but they may start showing symptoms if they get sick

Rationale :

⏩ In latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), Mycobacterium tuberculosis is present in the body, but the immune system has contained the bacteria and prevented active disease.

⏩ The client has no symptoms of active TB and usually does not feel ill.

⏩ A person with latent TB is not contagious because the bacteria are not actively multiplying and being expelled from the respiratory tract.

⏩ The bacteria can remain dormant for years and may become active if the client's immune defenses weaken, such as from illness or immunosuppression.

⏩ Treatment of latent TB can significantly reduce the risk of progression to active tuberculosis disease.

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Answer 2

Correct Answers:

The kidneys will reabsorb sodium into the blood

Rationale :

✅ Aldosterone acts primarily on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys to increase sodium reabsorption.

✅ Water follows reabsorbed sodium, which helps increase circulating blood volume and blood pressure.

✅ Aldosterone also promotes potassium secretion into the urine as sodium is reabsorbed.

✅ This hormone is an important component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activated when blood pressure or renal perfusion decreases.

✅ Increased sodium and water retention therefore helps restore intravascular volume and systemic blood pressure.

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Answer 3

Correct Answers:

Exchanges hydrogen ions for potassium ions, potentially causing hyperkalemia

Rationale :

➡️ During acidosis, excess hydrogen ions can move into cells where intracellular buffers help reduce the hydrogen concentration in the extracellular fluid.

➡️ As hydrogen ions move into cells, potassium ions can move out into the bloodstream to maintain electrical neutrality.

➡️ This hydrogen-potassium exchange can contribute to hyperkalemia, particularly in certain forms of metabolic acidosis.

➡️ The process provides an immediate buffering response while the lungs and kidneys work more slowly to restore acid-base balance.

➡️ Persistent acidosis therefore requires careful monitoring of serum potassium, because significant hyperkalemia can produce dangerous cardiac effects.

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Answer 4

Correct Answers:

Hyperkalemia

Rationale :

↪️ Hyperkalemia increases myocardial excitability and produces characteristic ECG abnormalities, especially tall, peaked T waves.

↪️ As potassium continues to rise, ECG changes can progress to prolonged PR intervals, widened QRS complexes, conduction abnormalities, and potentially fatal dysrhythmias.

↪️ Hyperkalemia can also cause muscle weakness, paresthesias, restlessness, and cardiovascular instability.

↪️ Severe potassium elevation can impair cardiac conduction and contribute to hypotension or cardiac arrest.

↪️ Peaked T waves should therefore prompt immediate assessment of serum potassium and rapid intervention when clinically indicated.

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Answer 5

Correct Answers:

Herpes simplex and Influenza

Rationale :

*️⃣ Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and influenza virus are both common viral pathogens that infect humans.

*️⃣ Herpes simplex can cause oral or genital lesions and may remain latent within nerve tissue after the initial infection.

*️⃣ Influenza viruses primarily infect the respiratory tract and commonly produce fever, myalgia, fatigue, cough, and headache.

*️⃣ Viruses differ from bacteria, fungi, and parasites because they require living host cells for replication.

*️⃣ Antibiotics do not treat routine viral infections because antibacterial medications target structures or metabolic processes that viruses do not possess.

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Answer 6

Correct Answers:

Metabolic alkalosis partial compensation

Rationale :

💠 The client's pH of 7.56 is elevated, indicating alkalemia.

💠 The HCO₃⁻ level of 30 mEq/L is elevated, identifying a metabolic cause of the alkalosis.

💠 The PaCO₂ of 40 mmHg remains within the normal range, showing that respiratory compensation has not yet occurred.

💠 Excessive ingestion of calcium carbonate-containing antacids such as TUMS can increase alkali exposure and contribute to metabolic alkalosis.

💠 The correct interpretation is therefore uncompensated metabolic alkalosis.

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Answer 7

Correct Answers:

Constriction of blood vessels and release of aldosterone

Rationale :

❇️ Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor, causing systemic blood vessels to narrow and thereby increasing systemic vascular resistance.

❇️ Vasoconstriction produces an increase in blood pressure, helping restore perfusion when circulating volume or renal blood flow is low.

❇️ Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.

❇️ Aldosterone increases renal sodium reabsorption, and water follows sodium, which increases blood volume.

❇️ The combined effects of vasoconstriction and sodium-water retention make RAAS an important mechanism for maintaining blood pressure and perfusion.

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Answer 8

Correct Answers:

Client stopped taking antibiotics two days early as he was feeling better
Client took one pill a day instead of the two that were prescribed
The cause of the client's illness was viral, not bacterial

Rationale :

Client stopped taking antibiotics two days early as he was feeling better

⏭️ Stopping an antibiotic before completing the prescribed course can result in inadequate treatment of the bacterial infection.

⏭️ Some bacteria may survive even after symptoms initially improve.

⏭️ Surviving organisms can continue multiplying, resulting in persistent or recurrent infection.

⏭️ Inappropriate antibiotic use can also contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance.

⏭️ Clients should therefore follow the prescribed treatment duration unless the prescriber specifically instructs them to stop.

Client took one pill a day instead of the two that were prescribed

⏭️ Taking less medication than prescribed can produce subtherapeutic antibiotic concentrations.

⏭️ Inadequate drug levels may fail to kill or suppress the responsible bacteria effectively.

⏭️ The infection can therefore persist despite the client technically taking some of the medication.

⏭️ Incorrect dosing can also encourage selection of antibiotic-resistant organisms.

⏭️ Medication teaching should emphasize taking the correct dose at the correct frequency for the entire prescribed period.

The cause of the client's illness was viral, not bacterial

⏭️ Antibiotics are designed to treat bacterial infections and do not effectively treat viruses.

⏭️ Many sore throats are caused by viral respiratory infections rather than bacterial pathogens.

⏭️ Antibiotic therapy would therefore provide no direct benefit if a virus were responsible for the symptoms.

⏭️ Persistent symptoms in this situation reflect the natural course of the viral illness, not necessarily antibiotic failure.

⏭️ Appropriate diagnostic evaluation helps prevent unnecessary antibiotic use and reduces antimicrobial resistance.

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Answer 9

Correct Answers:

Natural passive immunity

Rationale :

🔼 Natural passive immunity occurs when ready-made antibodies are transferred naturally from one person to another.

🔼 During pregnancy, maternal IgG antibodies cross the placenta and provide the newborn with temporary protection against several infections.

🔼 Breast milk, particularly colostrum, also provides IgA antibodies that protect mucosal surfaces in the infant.

🔼 The newborn receives these antibodies without producing them through its own immune response, making the immunity passive.

🔼 Maternal antibody protection gradually decreases over the first months of life as the infant's own immune system develops.

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Answer 10

Correct Answers:

Hypercalcemia

Rationale :

💟 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises serum calcium levels when circulating calcium is low.

💟 PTH stimulates bone resorption, causing calcium to be released from bone into the bloodstream.

💟 It also increases renal calcium reabsorption and promotes activation of vitamin D, which increases intestinal calcium absorption.

💟 Excessive PTH secretion can therefore produce hypercalcemia, which can contribute to bone pain, fatigue, weakness, kidney stones, and gastrointestinal symptoms.

💟 Chronic hyperparathyroidism can weaken bones because calcium is continuously mobilized from skeletal stores.

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QLexNursing

1 :
A client is diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) but is showing no signs or symptoms of the disease. They have been told that their TB is latent. The client asks the nurse what this means. How would the nurse respond?

2 :
Aldosterone is released from the adrenal gland as part of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS). What effect does aldosterone have on the kidneys?

3 :
How does the serum buffer system counteract acidosis?

4 :
Peaked T waves on EKG, restlessness and low blood pressure (hypotension) are consistent with which of the following electrolyte abnormalities?

5 :
Viruses are the most common type of pathogen to infect humans. Which of the following are common viruses?

6 :
A client presents to the emergency department with severe stomach pain. The client has been taking three times the max dose of TUMS. The client is hypokalemic and arterial blood gas (ABG) is as follows: pH 7.56, HCO3 30 mEq/L, CO2 40 mmHg. What acid base imbalance does the client have?

7 :
What are the main actions of Angiotensin II when it is released due to activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

8 :
A client was prescribed antibiotics for a sore throat. The client returns to the clinic one week later because his sore throat persists despite the treatment. Which of the following factors may have caused the illness to persist despite antibiotics? Select all that apply.

9 :
A mother brings her newborn to the clinic for a well child checkup. She asks the nurse how the newborn has immunity even though it has been a few weeks following delivery. The nurse explains at this point the infant has which type of immunity:

10 :
A client presents to the clinic with painful bones and extreme fatigue. It is discovered that the client has extremely high levels of parathyroid hormone. What electrolyte imbalance would the nurse expect the client to have?

QLexNursing

1 : A client is diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) but is showing no signs or symptoms of the disease. They have been told that their TB is latent. The client asks the nurse what this means. How would the nurse respond?

2 : Aldosterone is released from the adrenal gland as part of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS). What effect does aldosterone have on the kidneys?

3 : How does the serum buffer system counteract acidosis?

4 : Peaked T waves on EKG, restlessness and low blood pressure (hypotension) are consistent with which of the following electrolyte abnormalities?

5 : Viruses are the most common type of pathogen to infect humans. Which of the following are common viruses?

6 : A client presents to the emergency department with severe stomach pain. The client has been taking three times the max dose of TUMS. The client is hypokalemic and arterial blood gas (ABG) is as follows: pH 7.56, HCO3 30 mEq/L, CO2 40 mmHg. What acid base imbalance does the client have?

7 : What are the main actions of Angiotensin II when it is released due to activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

8 : A client was prescribed antibiotics for a sore throat. The client returns to the clinic one week later because his sore throat persists despite the treatment. Which of the following factors may have caused the illness to persist despite antibiotics? Select all that apply.

9 : A mother brings her newborn to the clinic for a well child checkup. She asks the nurse how the newborn has immunity even though it has been a few weeks following delivery. The nurse explains at this point the infant has which type of immunity:

10 : A client presents to the clinic with painful bones and extreme fatigue. It is discovered that the client has extremely high levels of parathyroid hormone. What electrolyte imbalance would the nurse expect the client to have?

1 :
A client is diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) but is showing no signs or symptoms of the disease. They have been told that their TB is latent. The client asks the nurse what this means. How would the nurse respond?

2 :
Aldosterone is released from the adrenal gland as part of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS). What effect does aldosterone have on the kidneys?

3 :
How does the serum buffer system counteract acidosis?

4 :
Peaked T waves on EKG, restlessness and low blood pressure (hypotension) are consistent with which of the following electrolyte abnormalities?

5 :
Viruses are the most common type of pathogen to infect humans. Which of the following are common viruses?

6 :
A client presents to the emergency department with severe stomach pain. The client has been taking three times the max dose of TUMS. The client is hypokalemic and arterial blood gas (ABG) is as follows: pH 7.56, HCO3 30 mEq/L, CO2 40 mmHg. What acid base imbalance does the client have?

7 :
What are the main actions of Angiotensin II when it is released due to activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

8 :
A client was prescribed antibiotics for a sore throat. The client returns to the clinic one week later because his sore throat persists despite the treatment. Which of the following factors may have caused the illness to persist despite antibiotics? Select all that apply.

9 :
A mother brings her newborn to the clinic for a well child checkup. She asks the nurse how the newborn has immunity even though it has been a few weeks following delivery. The nurse explains at this point the infant has which type of immunity:

10 :
A client presents to the clinic with painful bones and extreme fatigue. It is discovered that the client has extremely high levels of parathyroid hormone. What electrolyte imbalance would the nurse expect the client to have?