Question

Affective disorders are characterized by disturbances in mood and include conditions such as depression and bipolar disorder.

Answer 1

Correct Answers:

True

Rationale :

◈ Affective (mood) disorders are defined by primary disturbances in mood (affect), not thought or cognition.

◈ Core examples include major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders (I & II).

◈ The hallmark is pathologic shifts in sadness (depression) or elevated/irritable mood (mania/hypomania).

◈ These mood changes drive associated symptoms: sleep, appetite, energy, psychomotor and concentration changes.

◈ Diagnosis relies on DSM-5 criteria focusing on the duration, severity, and functional impairment of mood symptoms.

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Answer 2

Correct Answers:

Albumin binds to drugs, affecting their free (active) concentration in plasma

Rationale :

♦ Albumin is the main plasma-binding protein for many acidic drugs.

♦ The bound fraction is inactive, while the free fraction exerts the therapeutic effect.

♦ In cirrhosis, hypoalbuminemia causes more free drug → higher toxicity risk.

♦ This particularly affects drugs like warfarin, phenytoin, diazepam.

♦ Nurses must monitor dose adjustments and toxicity signs in patients with low albumin.

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Answer 3

Correct Answers:

False

Rationale :

💠 Orlistat is an anti-obesity medication, not an ADHD drug.

💠 It inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipase, preventing fat absorption in the intestines.

💠 Main effects: oily stool, flatulence, steatorrhea, and fat-soluble vitamin loss.

💠 Used alongside diet and exercise for sustainable weight management.

💠 ADHD, by contrast, is treated with stimulants (methylphenidate, amphetamines) or atomoxetine.

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Answer 4

Correct Answers:

Hyperreflexia, agitation, and muscle rigidity

Rationale :

🔷 Serotonin syndrome results from excess serotonergic activity in the CNS.

🔷 Clinical triad: neuromuscular hyperactivity, mental status changes, autonomic instability.

🔷 Key findings: tremor, clonus, hyperreflexia, agitation, diaphoresis, fever.

🔷 Often triggered by combining SSRI + MAOI, triptans, or linezolid.

🔷 Treated by stopping serotonergic drugs, giving benzodiazepines or cyproheptadine.

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Answer 5

Correct Answers:

400

Rationale :

⭐ Half-life (t½) means time needed for 50% of the drug to be eliminated.

⭐ After one t½ (5 hours), 800 mg → 400 mg remains.

⭐ After two t½ → 200 mg; after three → 100 mg, etc.

⭐ Follows first-order kinetics, where rate of elimination ∝ concentration.

⭐ Knowing t½ helps predict dosing intervals and steady state (4–5 t½).

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Answer 6

Correct Answers:

Phase I

Rationale :

🟣 Phase I trials use healthy volunteers to test safety and pharmacokinetics.

🟣 Objectives: assess absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and dose tolerance.

🟣 Establishes starting dose range and identifies side effects.

🟣 Phase II–III test efficacy and safety in patients; Phase IV monitors post-marketing effects.

🟣 Phase I provides the foundation for future trial design.

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Answer 7

Correct Answers:

True

Rationale :

💠 Definition: NMS is a life-threatening neurological emergency caused by the body’s reaction to dopamine receptor blockade, especially from antipsychotic medications.

💠 Clinical Triad: The classic presentation includes severe hyperthermia, “lead-pipe” muscle rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction (fluctuating BP, tachycardia).

💠 Pathophysiology: Occurs due to sudden, profound dopamine depletion in the CNS, particularly within the hypothalamus and basal ganglia.

💠 Laboratory Findings: Elevated creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobinuria indicate muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolysis).

💠 Management: Immediate discontinuation of the antipsychotic, supportive care, and administration of dantrolene or bromocriptine to restore dopaminergic activity.

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Answer 8

Correct Answers:

Naloxone

Rationale :

🔷 Mechanism: Naloxone is a pure opioid receptor antagonist, especially at mu-opioid receptors, reversing respiratory and CNS depression rapidly.

🔷 Administration: Can be given IV, IM, SQ, or intranasally, depending on the setting, and acts within 1–2 minutes after IV injection.

🔷 Indications: Used in acute opioid overdose, commonly for heroin, morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, or mixed-drug overdoses involving opioids.

🔷 Duration: Has a short half-life (30–90 minutes), so repeat doses or continuous infusion may be required for long-acting opioids.

🔷 Caution: It can precipitate acute withdrawal symptoms (agitation, tachycardia, vomiting) in opioid-dependent individuals, but the benefit outweighs the risk.

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Answer 9

Correct Answers:

Converts to dopamine in the brain

Rationale :

♦ Mechanism: Levodopa is a dopamine precursor that crosses the blood–brain barrier, where it is decarboxylated into dopamine, compensating for the deficiency in Parkinson’s.

♦ Purpose: Restores dopaminergic transmission in the basal ganglia, improving control over motor function.

♦ Combination Therapy: Usually administered with carbidopa, which inhibits peripheral metabolism of levodopa, allowing more to reach the brain and reducing side effects like nausea.

♦ Clinical Benefit: Improves bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor, enhancing mobility and daily functioning.

♦ Adverse Effects: May cause dyskinesias, orthostatic hypotension, and hallucinations after prolonged use due to fluctuating dopamine levels.

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Answer 10

Correct Answers:

Generic name is universal and unbranded

Rationale :

🟢 Generic Definition: The generic name is the official, non-proprietary name assigned to a drug, recognized internationally (e.g., acetaminophen).

🟢 Trade Definition: The trade (brand) name is the commercial name chosen by a pharmaceutical company (e.g., Tylenol).

🟢 Cost Difference: Generic drugs are typically less expensive because they lack marketing costs and are produced after patent expiry.

🟢 Chemical Identity: Both names refer to the same active ingredient, meaning efficacy and safety are therapeutically equivalent when FDA-approved.

🟢 Labeling: Nurses should use generic names in documentation to avoid confusion, since trade names can differ across countries and manufacturers.

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QLexNursing

1 :
Affective disorders are characterized by disturbances in mood and include conditions such as depression and bipolar disorder.

2 :
A patient with liver cirrhosis has low serum albumin levels. Which of the following best explains the clinical relevance of albumin in pharmacokinetics?

3 :
Orlistat is primarily used for ADHD management.

4 :
Which clinical sign should prompt a nurse to suspect serotonin syndrome in a patient recently prescribed multiple serotonergic agents?

5 :
A drug dose that delivers 800 mg has a half-life of 5 hours. Identify how much drug will remain in the body after one half-life.

6 :
A member of an investigational drug study team is working with healthy volunteers whose participation will help to determine the optimal dosage range and pharmacokinetics of the drug. The team member is participating in what type of study?

7 :
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a life-threatening adverse reaction to antipsychotic medications characterized by hyperthermia, autonomic dysfunction, and muscle breakdown.

8 :
Which of the following is used as an antidote for opioid overdose?

9 :
What is the therapeutic effect of Levodopa in Parkinson's disease?

10 :
What is a key difference between a trade name and a generic drug name?

QLexNursing

1 : Affective disorders are characterized by disturbances in mood and include conditions such as depression and bipolar disorder.

2 : A patient with liver cirrhosis has low serum albumin levels. Which of the following best explains the clinical relevance of albumin in pharmacokinetics?

3 : Orlistat is primarily used for ADHD management.

4 : Which clinical sign should prompt a nurse to suspect serotonin syndrome in a patient recently prescribed multiple serotonergic agents?

5 : A drug dose that delivers 800 mg has a half-life of 5 hours. Identify how much drug will remain in the body after one half-life.

6 : A member of an investigational drug study team is working with healthy volunteers whose participation will help to determine the optimal dosage range and pharmacokinetics of the drug. The team member is participating in what type of study?

7 : Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a life-threatening adverse reaction to antipsychotic medications characterized by hyperthermia, autonomic dysfunction, and muscle breakdown.

8 : Which of the following is used as an antidote for opioid overdose?

9 : What is the therapeutic effect of Levodopa in Parkinson's disease?

10 : What is a key difference between a trade name and a generic drug name?

1 :
Affective disorders are characterized by disturbances in mood and include conditions such as depression and bipolar disorder.

2 :
A patient with liver cirrhosis has low serum albumin levels. Which of the following best explains the clinical relevance of albumin in pharmacokinetics?

3 :
Orlistat is primarily used for ADHD management.

4 :
Which clinical sign should prompt a nurse to suspect serotonin syndrome in a patient recently prescribed multiple serotonergic agents?

5 :
A drug dose that delivers 800 mg has a half-life of 5 hours. Identify how much drug will remain in the body after one half-life.

6 :
A member of an investigational drug study team is working with healthy volunteers whose participation will help to determine the optimal dosage range and pharmacokinetics of the drug. The team member is participating in what type of study?

7 :
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a life-threatening adverse reaction to antipsychotic medications characterized by hyperthermia, autonomic dysfunction, and muscle breakdown.

8 :
Which of the following is used as an antidote for opioid overdose?

9 :
What is the therapeutic effect of Levodopa in Parkinson's disease?

10 :
What is a key difference between a trade name and a generic drug name?