Question

What type of anemia is caused by lack of intrinsic factor?

Answer 1

Correct Answers:

Pernicious anemia

Rationale :

💎 Pernicious anemia is a type of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency anemia that occurs when the body lacks intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein secreted by the gastric parietal cells.

💎 Without intrinsic factor, vitamin B₁₂ cannot be absorbed in the ileum, leading to impaired red blood cell (RBC) production and resulting in megaloblastic anemia.

💎 Symptoms include fatigue, pallor, glossitis (smooth, red tongue), and neurological manifestations such as numbness, tingling, and balance disturbances due to demyelination.

💎 Treatment involves lifelong vitamin B₁₂ replacement, usually through intramuscular injections, since oral supplementation is ineffective without intrinsic factor.

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Answer 2

Correct Answers:

Encouraging fluid intake
Passive range of motion exercises
Regular repositioning of the patient

Rationale :

Encouraging fluid intake

💎 Adequate hydration helps prevent urinary stasis, renal calculi, and constipation, which are common complications of prolonged immobility.

💎 It also supports circulatory function by maintaining blood volume and reducing the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE).

💎 Encouraging the patient to drink fluids regularly assists in maintaining skin integrity and overall metabolic balance.

💎 This simple intervention is key to preventing dehydration-related complications in immobile patients.

Passive range of motion exercises

💎 Passive ROM exercises help maintain joint flexibility, muscle tone, and circulation, especially for patients who cannot move independently.

💎 These exercises prevent contractures and joint stiffness, which can develop quickly in immobilized individuals.

💎 They also promote venous return and reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

💎 Regularly performing ROM exercises preserves functional mobility and enhances comfort.

Regular repositioning of the patient

💎 Repositioning at least every 2 hours helps prevent pressure injuries by relieving prolonged pressure on bony prominences such as the sacrum, heels, and elbows.

💎 It promotes circulation and prevents tissue ischemia and breakdown.

💎 Frequent position changes also reduce the risk of respiratory complications, such as pneumonia, by encouraging lung expansion.

💎 This nursing action is fundamental to maintaining skin and respiratory health in immobile patients.

Use of compression stockings

💎 Compression stockings (anti-embolism stockings) promote venous return from the lower extremities, reducing blood pooling and preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE).

💎 They apply gentle, graduated pressure that helps maintain circulatory flow and decreases the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

💎 Proper sizing, correct application, and daily skin checks are essential to prevent complications such as impaired circulation or skin breakdown.

💎 This intervention is especially critical for postoperative or long-term bedbound patients.

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Answer 3

Correct Answers:

Autonomic dysreflexia

Rationale :

💎 Autonomic dysreflexia is a life-threatening emergency that occurs in clients with spinal cord injuries at or above the T6 level.

💎 It is triggered by noxious stimuli below the level of injury—such as a full bladder, fecal impaction, or tight clothing—that the brain cannot sense due to disrupted nerve pathways.

💎 This results in an uncontrolled sympathetic response, causing severe hypertension, bradycardia, flushing, sweating, and headache above the level of injury, with cool, pale skin below due to vasoconstriction.

💎 Immediate nursing interventions include raising the head of the bed, removing the triggering stimulus, and notifying the provider to prevent stroke or seizure from the dangerously high blood pressure.

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Answer 4

Correct Answers:

50-year-old with atherosclerotic heart disease
55-year-old that smokes two packs of cigarettes a day
75-year-old with hypertension

Rationale :

50-year-old with atherosclerotic heart disease

💎 Atherosclerosis leads to the narrowing and hardening of arteries due to plaque buildup, reducing blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues.

💎 This impairs systemic and cardiac perfusion, increasing the risk of ischemia, myocardial infarction, or stroke.

💎 The restricted vessel diameter decreases the heart’s ability to meet tissue oxygen demands, especially during exertion.

💎 Management includes cholesterol control, antiplatelet therapy, and lifestyle modification to restore adequate perfusion.

55-year-old that smokes two packs of cigarettes a day

💎 Cigarette smoking causes vasoconstriction, damages the endothelial lining of blood vessels, and accelerates atherosclerotic plaque formation, all of which impair perfusion.

💎 Nicotine and carbon monoxide reduce oxygen delivery and increase the risk of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and coronary artery disease (CAD).

💎 Chronic smoking also increases blood viscosity, placing additional strain on the heart and reducing oxygen supply to tissues.

💎 Smoking cessation is the single most effective intervention to improve vascular health and circulation.

75-year-old with hypertension

💎 Hypertension exerts constant high pressure on arterial walls, leading to vascular remodeling, thickening, and loss of elasticity, which compromises tissue perfusion.

💎 Over time, this damages end organs such as the heart, kidneys, brain, and retina, causing complications like heart failure, renal insufficiency, and stroke.

💎 The elderly population is particularly vulnerable because of age-related decline in vascular compliance and cardiac output.

💎 Tight blood pressure control and lifestyle modifications can help maintain adequate perfusion and prevent further vascular damage.

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Answer 5

Correct Answers:

Blood clot

Rationale :

💎 A blood clot (thrombus or embolus) is one of the most common and direct causes of impaired perfusion, as it blocks blood flow through an artery or vein, depriving tissues of oxygen and nutrients.

💎 When a clot obstructs circulation, it can lead to ischemia and tissue death in vital organs such as the heart (myocardial infarction), brain (stroke), or lungs (pulmonary embolism).

💎 The severity of perfusion impairment depends on the location and size of the clot—larger or centrally located clots can cause life-threatening complications.

💎 Early detection and treatment using anticoagulants or thrombolytic therapy are essential to restore blood flow and prevent permanent tissue damage.

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Answer 6

Correct Answers:

False

Rationale :

💎 Emphysema is not primarily caused by infection or allergies—it is a chronic, progressive lung disease most often resulting from long-term exposure to cigarette smoke or other inhaled irritants.

💎 The condition is characterized by destruction of the alveolar walls, leading to loss of lung elasticity, air trapping, and reduced gas exchange surface area.

💎 Although inflammation contributes to the damage, the main mechanism involves enzyme (elastase) imbalance and oxidative stress caused by smoking, not infectious or allergic bronchial inflammation.

💎 This results in barrel chest, dyspnea, and decreased oxygen exchange, hallmarks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

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Answer 7

Correct Answers:

False

Rationale :

💎 Emphysema is not primarily caused by infection or allergies—it is a chronic, progressive lung disease most often resulting from long-term exposure to cigarette smoke or other inhaled irritants.

💎 The condition is characterized by destruction of the alveolar walls, leading to loss of lung elasticity, air trapping, and reduced gas exchange surface area.

💎 Although inflammation contributes to the damage, the main mechanism involves enzyme (elastase) imbalance and oxidative stress caused by smoking, not infectious or allergic bronchial inflammation.

💎 This results in barrel chest, dyspnea, and decreased oxygen exchange, hallmarks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

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Answer 8

Correct Answers:

Tertiary

Rationale :

💎 Tertiary prevention focuses on minimizing complications and preventing further deterioration in clients who already have a disease or disorder.

💎 In this case, the client has ineffective perfusion, which means cardiovascular disease is already present.

💎 The use of antiplatelet agents (e.g., aspirin, clopidogrel) and lipid-lowering drugs (e.g., statins) helps prevent thrombus formation, reduce cholesterol buildup, and improve blood flow, thereby reducing the risk of myocardial infarction or stroke.

💎 This form of pharmacologic management is aimed at restoring function, slowing disease progression, and preventing recurrent complications—all characteristics of tertiary prevention.

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Answer 9

Correct Answers:

Family history of a myocardial infarction

Rationale :

💎 A family history of myocardial infarction (MI) is a nonmodifiable risk factor because it reflects genetic predisposition and cannot be changed through lifestyle or medical intervention.

💎 Individuals with close relatives who experienced early heart disease are at greater risk due to inherited factors that influence cholesterol metabolism, blood pressure, and vessel integrity.

💎 In contrast, risk factors such as smoking, stress, and inactivity are modifiable, meaning they can be altered to reduce overall cardiovascular risk.

💎 Recognizing nonmodifiable risks allows nurses to focus on modifying controllable behaviors and implementing preventive strategies for high-risk individuals.

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Answer 10

Correct Answers:

Sickle Cell anemia

Rationale :

💎 Sickle cell anemia is an inherited genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the beta-globin gene, resulting in the production of abnormal hemoglobin (HbS) instead of normal adult hemoglobin (HbA).

💎 When exposed to low oxygen levels, HbS molecules polymerize, causing red blood cells to become rigid, sticky, and crescent-shaped (“sickled”).

💎 These sickled cells can clump together, obstructing blood flow and leading to tissue ischemia, severe pain (vaso-occlusive crisis), and organ damage.

💎 The disease is autosomal recessive, meaning a person must inherit the defective gene from both parents to develop the condition, while carriers (sickle cell trait) typically remain asymptomatic.

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QLexNursing

1 :
What type of anemia is caused by lack of intrinsic factor?

2 :
Which of the following is/are effective interventions to prevent complications of immobility? (Select all that apply)

3 :
A client experiences symptoms of flushing and sweating above the level of a spinal injury, high blood pressure, slow heart rate, and a cool pallor below the level of a spinal injury. Which of the following complications is most likely?

4 :
Which client/s are at risk for poor perfusion? (select all that apply)

5 :
One of the largest causes of impaired perfusion in the body is?

6 :
The nurse admits a client diagnosed with emphysema with a long smoking history. Emphysema is a result of bronchial inflammation due to infection or allergies.

7 :
The nurse admits a client diagnosed with emphysema with a long smoking history. Emphysema is a result of bronchial inflammation due to infection or allergies.

8 :
The client is prescribed anti-platelets and lipid-lowering medications for ineffective perfusion. What level of prevention is pharmacotherapy?

9 :
Which is a nonmodifiable risk factor for a myocardial infarction?

10 :
What type of anemia is inherited and leads to abnormal hemoglobin formation?

QLexNursing

1 : What type of anemia is caused by lack of intrinsic factor?

2 : Which of the following is/are effective interventions to prevent complications of immobility? (Select all that apply)

3 : A client experiences symptoms of flushing and sweating above the level of a spinal injury, high blood pressure, slow heart rate, and a cool pallor below the level of a spinal injury. Which of the following complications is most likely?

4 : Which client/s are at risk for poor perfusion? (select all that apply)

5 : One of the largest causes of impaired perfusion in the body is?

6 : The nurse admits a client diagnosed with emphysema with a long smoking history. Emphysema is a result of bronchial inflammation due to infection or allergies.

7 : The nurse admits a client diagnosed with emphysema with a long smoking history. Emphysema is a result of bronchial inflammation due to infection or allergies.

8 : The client is prescribed anti-platelets and lipid-lowering medications for ineffective perfusion. What level of prevention is pharmacotherapy?

9 : Which is a nonmodifiable risk factor for a myocardial infarction?

10 : What type of anemia is inherited and leads to abnormal hemoglobin formation?

1 :
What type of anemia is caused by lack of intrinsic factor?

2 :
Which of the following is/are effective interventions to prevent complications of immobility? (Select all that apply)

3 :
A client experiences symptoms of flushing and sweating above the level of a spinal injury, high blood pressure, slow heart rate, and a cool pallor below the level of a spinal injury. Which of the following complications is most likely?

4 :
Which client/s are at risk for poor perfusion? (select all that apply)

5 :
One of the largest causes of impaired perfusion in the body is?

6 :
The nurse admits a client diagnosed with emphysema with a long smoking history. Emphysema is a result of bronchial inflammation due to infection or allergies.

7 :
The nurse admits a client diagnosed with emphysema with a long smoking history. Emphysema is a result of bronchial inflammation due to infection or allergies.

8 :
The client is prescribed anti-platelets and lipid-lowering medications for ineffective perfusion. What level of prevention is pharmacotherapy?

9 :
Which is a nonmodifiable risk factor for a myocardial infarction?

10 :
What type of anemia is inherited and leads to abnormal hemoglobin formation?